英语语法之主谓一致.doc

主谓一致定义：是指句子中的谓语和主语在人称和数上必须一致。一般说来，主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词采取相应的形式。例如：l He is a clever student.l They are Englishmen.l We found the boys bright pupils.l We found the boy a bright pupil.二在实际使用上，往往会遇到复杂的情况，因此，我们在处理主谓一致问题时可依据以下三种原则。1语法一致原则 2.意义一致原则 3.就近原则1.语法一致：是指在形式上看，主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，请语动词也用复数形式。l This is a book.l These are books.2.意义一致：是指从意义上来处理主谓一致问题。有时，主语形式为单数，但意义上为复数，谓语动语依意义而定，也采取复数形式；有时主语为复数形式，但意义上为单数，动词也用单数。l Our class like English very much.l Our family are fond of the film.说明：这两个句子中的class和family，都是集体名词，在这里都指集体中的各个成员。因此谓语动词用复数形式。l Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.说明：four thousand dollars表面看是一个复数形式，而实际上被子看作一个总数，即一笔钱，因此谓语动词用了单数形式。3就近原则：是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和最近的主语保持一致。l There is a chair and ten desks in the room.l Not only he but also I am a teacher.面对这三种原则，究竟何时采用何种原则为好，应视习惯用法而定。在使用中，如果对三种原则的选则捉摸不定，最好还是使用语法一致的原则。三、有关主谓一致的问题用法归纳总结如下：1某些表示有定数量和不定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题。1）当名词词组的中心词是表示时间、距离、度量、重量，价值等复数作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。l Twenty years in prison was long.l Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.l Ten dollars is a big sum to him.2）当名词词组的中心词是由all， most, half ,the rest,分数，百分数+of+名词时，如果of后的名词所指的为复数，谓语动词用复数，如果of后的名词为单数意义，谓语动词用单数。l Half of the students in our class are boys.l Half of the time is spent in learning English.l The rest of the students are going to the cinema.l The rest of the money is paid for books. 注意：all作主语指人时，谓语动词复数；指物时，谓语动词单数。All in our class are here.(我们的所有人都到了)All in the front line is quiet.(前线的一切都很安静)3）如果主语是由kind of, type of, form of, a portion of, a sort of, a series of等+名词构成，其谓语动词应视kind, type, form的单复数而定。l This kind of man annoys mel This kind of men annoys me.l This kind of oranges is highly priced.l These kinds of tests are good.如果以apples, men作为名词词组的中心词，其后的谓语动词就用复数形式.l Apples of this kind are highly priced.l Men of this kind are dangerous.如果kind of 之前的限定词和之后名词都用了复数形式，这时谓语动词也用复数形式。These kinds of men annoy me.4）用于数学运算的数字作主语，谓语动词应当用单数形式。l Eighteen plus five is twenty two.l 15 Minus 11 is 4.l Five times eight is forty.l Fifteen divided by three is five.如果两数相加，采取的是并列形式，并列主语用单数形式，复数形式即可。Five and five make(makes) ten.2.由and和 bothand连接两个成分作主语时的主谓一致问题1）由and和 both- and连接两个成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。l The secretary and treasurer have agreed to be present.l Many visitors and I find the fast pace.l Behind the wall stand a house and a garage.2）由and连接两个名词，如果指同一概念时，即指同一个人或同一件事时，谓语动词用单数形式。指同一概念时的标志是，and后的名词前没有冠词。l The secretary and schoolmaster is going to give a talk this afternoon.l The assistant and gradate student helps check the exercise-books.如果and后面的名词有定冠词，就意味着两上人或两件事了。l The secretary and the schoolmaster are going to give a talk this afternoon,.l The assistant and the graduate student help check the exercise-book.l The bread and the butter are on sale.牛油和面包正在出售。类似表示同一概念的习语还有the bread and butter(奶油面包) a cart and horse(车马)the needle and thread(针线) a cup and saucer(碟子茶杯)cause and effect(因果)3）由and连接两个单数名词作主语，并且前面有each, every, manya, no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式l Each soldier and each sailor was given a gun.l Every hour and every minute is precious to us.l Many a boy and many a girl has seen the film.3如果名词作主语时，后面有with, as well as, rather than, along with, like, besides, more than, together with, including, in addition to, accompanied by(由陪同)等，谓语动词的单复数要和这些词前面的名词保持一致，与这些词后面的名词无关。l He as well as I is a teacher.l Dr. Smith, together with his wife and two sons is going to arrive here.l Mary, accompanied by her brother, was warmly welcomed.l Some of the workers, as well as the manager, work during the holidays.4由or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词应采取就近原则，还有there be结构l Not only he but also I am a teacher.l Neither the teacher nor the students were going to see the film.5单个动名词，不定式，以及句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式1）Climbing hills is good exercise.To see is to believe.What he said is true.What interests the workers most is better wages.2）如果用and连接上述两个成分时，谓语动词就用复数形式。Climbing hills and swimming are good exercises.3）what是个带有复数意义的并列结构时，或者表语是复数形式，谓语动词采用复数形式.l What I say and think are no business of yours.l What he says and does dont agree.l What he left me are old books,6当不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式. (something, anything, everything, nothing, everybody, anybody, somebody, anyone, everyone)说明：当none, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，也可用复数形式。l Neither of us wants/want to go there.7书刊名和专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。l His Selected Poems was first published in 1960.l The Arabin Nights is a popular reading with the young people.8定语从句中的谓语动词单复数1）定语从句中谓语动词的单数还是复数，应由先行词的单复数面定。特别是先行词“one of+复数名词+定语从句”，以复数名词为先行词，从句的谓语动词用复数形式；而且the one of+复数名词+定语从句，应以the one为先行词，从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。l This is one of the best books that have been published this year.l This is the one of the best books that has been published this year.2）如果定语从句所修饰的先行词是代词，那么从句中的谓语的数要与此代词一致。l I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.9集体名词的主谓一致问题family, class, police, committee, crew, government, audience, public, team, crowd等集体名词， 如果指整个集体时，谓语动词用单数；如果指集体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。l My family is going to move. l My family like the book.l The committee consists of 12members.l The committee are having a meeting to discuss am important problem.l The cattle are grazing in the fields.10有些名词，如people,mitilia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等， 单数形式具有复数意义， 谓语动词用复数形式。l The Chinese people are brave and hard-working.l The mitilia are drilling on the ground.但people作“民族”讲时，有单数形式。l The Chinese people is a brave and hard-working one世界上有许多使用英语的民族。11有些名词，表面是复数，但在意义上是单数，因此谓语动词用单数形式。(news, ,maths, mathematics, physics, politics,works)l The news is good.l Maths is her weak points.12有些名词只有复数形式，如goods（货物），scissors（剪刀）, trousers（裤子）, spectacles（眼镜）, glasses, scales（天平），clothes,compasses因此，他们作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。l Goods produced by the factory are good. l Where are my glasses? They are on the desk.说明：如果用a pair of来修饰时，谓语动词要取决于pair的单复形式。l His trousers were torn, so a pair of trousers was not enough.l Two pairs of glasses are enough.13.有些形容词，分词与the连用，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。 (blind, dead, deaf, sick, poor, rich, old, young, wounded)14one or two + 复数名词作主语， 谓语动词用复数；但a/one+单数名词+or two谓语动词用单复数均可。l There are one or two books on the desk.l A word or two is /are needed here.注：表示数量的one and a half,后加复数名词，但是其短语作主语时，谓