高中英语语法重点难点.doc

高中英语语法重点难点回顾主谓一致常考难题：1. Five minutes is enough to do this exerciseEach boy and each girl wants to serve the people in futureMore than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More members than one are against your plan.一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:Truth and honesty is the best policyThe girls teacher and friend is a young doctorTo love and to be loved is the great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:The teacher as well as the students was excitedThe room with its furniture was rented2. A (great) number of修饰可数复数名词, 谓语动词用复数; a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。3. 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names hereSome of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun4. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter5. 形容词的顺序：系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table6. 某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。7.bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least表示一方不及另一方时，用“less原级than”的结构表示：This room is less beautiful than that one表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修饰：He works even harder than before注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that on the deskA box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood8. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。高三倍A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。9. 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body andsoul together.但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.10. almost与nearly在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：Im not nearly ready.在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：I almost never see her.11. need 表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如：You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must.注意：neednt have done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如：You neednt have waited for me.“should have done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。You should have started earlier.“ought to have done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。You ought to have helped him (but you didnt)书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和 well, easily 等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。在动词 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should) 动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如：We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.We insisted that they (should) go with us.The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we (should) start right away.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)动词原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.注意：不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如：She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand(无法忍受)等。I tried not to go there.(我设法不去那里。) I tried doing it again.(我试着又干了一次。)mean to do 有意. mean doing意味着.I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些来。)Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)allow, advise, forbid, permitWe dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).在短语devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)Having been deserted by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)Asked to stay, I couldnt very well refuse.这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。He used to live in London, use(d)nt he /didnt he?There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)nt there /didnt there?Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?He ought to be punished, oughtnt he?但在正式文体中,用ought we not形式。例如:We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustnt。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用arent(isnt)十主语,例如：You must be tired,arent you?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用neednt。例如：You must go home right now, neednt you?当mustnt 表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如：You mustnt walk on grass, must you?前句谓语动词是must have过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didnt主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用havent(hasnt)主语, 例如：He must have met her yesterday, didnt he?You must have seen the film, havent you?陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:He is unfit for his office, isnt he?如果陈述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he?如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,no one等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。Everyone knows his job, doesnt he? Everyone knows their job,dont they?No one was hurt,were they?Im late, arent I?One cant be too careful,can one(you)?Have a cup of tea, will you? Lets go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you?同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。连接词用that (不用which)及连接副词how, when, where, why等。例如：His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.The news that our team has won the match is true.She asked the reason why there was a delay.关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown. B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。例如：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.It hasnt been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如：It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E)后面紧接or not 时。We didnt know whether or not she was ready.F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.G)用if会引起歧义时。例如：Please let me know if you like it.该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：1)先行词是不定代词：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.3)先行词被all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修饰。I have read all the book (that) you gave me.4)先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。He is the only person that I want to talk to.5)先行词既有人又有物时。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。This is the house where he lived last year.This is the house that (which) he visited last year.用no soonerthan和hardlywhen引导的从句表示“刚就”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Here it is. Here he comes.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。South of the city lies a big steel factory.From the valley came a frightening sound.表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.He has been to Beijing. So have I.Li Wei cant answer the question. Neither can I.部分倒装用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。Child as he was, he had to make a living.用于no soonerthan,hardlywhen和not until的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等词开头的句子。Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.6.用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。Only in this way can you master English.Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。Only Wang Ling knows this.定语从句用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 一词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物主语 Who which that主语 Whom which that宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) 例：This is the detective who came from London. 例：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 (6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you?“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。 2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 (1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。 3. 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如： 1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited四As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. ）the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的。 2As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.冠词用法不用愁，巧记两段顺口溜 有些同学总感到冠词难用，尤其是不知或拿不准什么时候要“加冠”，什么时候“免冠”。这里着重介绍一下有关“定冠词的用法”和“不定冠词的几种情况”的两段口诀：一、定冠词的用法。特指双熟悉，上文已提及；世上独无二，序数最高级；某些专有名，习语及乐器。以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况，即：特指某些人或物谈话双方都熟悉的人或事上文已经提到的人或事世界上独一无二的事物前序数词回形容词最高级前某些专有名词前一些习惯短语（如：in the day等）中和乐器前（如：play the violin / piano）。二、不用冠词的集中情况。 下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前； 专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭； 复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前； 颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。 以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况，即： 名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。 专有名词和不可数名词前。 表示学科的（如：maths、Chinese、physics）名词前。 球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。 复数名词表示泛指（一类人或事）时。 节日、季节、星期、月份前。 表示颜色（如：Its red / yellow.）、语种（如：speak English/Japanese）和国家的非全称名词（如：We live in China. They come from America.）。 在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。 某些习惯短语中（如：in bed、go to school等）。情态动词的推测性用法 1.Possibility(may/might/can/could) a.在疑问句中表示“可能”，须用can而不用may. b.在肯定陈述句中，用can表示“可能”与用may往往产生含义上的微妙差别：用表示“可能”往往指逻辑上的；用表事实上的。 Mr Reed is in poor health. He can be ill at any time. Mr Reed looks pale.He may be ill. c.用can表“可能”，较多地用于否定句和疑问句，could不受此限。 If you dont have a guide, you could lose your way. It cnat/couldnt be true. Can/Could the news be true? d.表过去的“可能”可用“may/might+不定式完成体或不定完成进行体”，也可用“can/could+不定式完成体”。 She may/might have been expressing her true feelings at that moment. She cant/couldnt have missed the train. e.用“might/could+不定式完成体”有式可以表本来可能发生但没有发生，或本来可能完成却没有完成的动作。 You might have killed yourself. I could have reported you.使用半倒装的几种情况 1 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时 Never have I found him in such a good mood. No longer these days is it necessaryfor women to wear veils. Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such manificent bargains. 2 当句首状语由only+副词/介词词组/状语分句时 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end. 以关联词not only(but also)开头的句子或成分 Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. 3 以关联连词so(that)开头的句子，在这种结构中，so+a是主语补语的前置；so+ad.是状语的前置 So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So quickly did theworkmen finish their work that they were given a bonus. 4 当方式状语、频度状语移至句首 Gladly would I pay more if I couild get better servece by doing so. Many a time has Mike given me good advice.定语从句学习容易出错的几方面 1、在定语从句中加了多余的或缺少宾语成分。 Some of the boys I invited the didnt come. She told the wrongs had been done to her by the boss. 2、 把定语从句的主谓一致问题。 Those who has finished may go now. 3、 当先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，分不清关系词在定语从句中所作的句子成分。 Is this the school where Mr.White visited last month? 4、 分不清限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 The naughty boy often knocked at the Wangs door, that made the family unhappy. 5、与强调句混淆。 It was in the afternoon when I saw him in the park. 应该为： It was in that afternoon that I saw him in the park. 6、 忽视只能用that，不能用which的情况。 We should do all which is useful to the