Learning Guide for Fluid and Electrolytes：流体和电解质的学习指导.doc

Learning Guide for Fluid and Electrolytes1. What are the fluid compartments in the body?2. Why does the intracellular compartment have more fluid?3. What is the difference among first, second and third spacing?4. What are the major intracellular and extracellular cations?5. Why does intake usually equal output?6. What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?7. How does hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure control edema?8. How does the heart and the size of the vascular bed control hydrostatic pressure?9. What do the lungs control?10. What do the kidneys control?11. What does ADH do?12. What does parathyroid hormone do?13. How does aldosterone control sodium?14. How does fluid volume deficit differ from dehydration?15. Complete the following table:CausesManifestationsTreatmentFluid Volume DeficitFluid Volume Excess16.How can a client with ascites have a fluid volume deficit?17.Why are the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and BUN affected with volume excess and deficit?18.Complete the following table ElectrolyteNerve TransmissionSodium DeficitSodium ExcessPotassium DeficitPotassium ExcessCalcium DeficitCalcium Excess19.Complete the following table:ElectrolytesNormal ValuesSodiumPotassiumCalcium4.5 to 5.5 mEqUrine Specific GravityHemoglobinHematocritPlasma Osmolarity20.What are the functions of sodium in the body?21.Complete the following table.CausesManifestationsTreatmentSodium DeficitSIADHSodium Excess22.Why do tap water enemas and water intake with GI suctioning cause hyponatremia?23.What happens to cause SIADH?24.In SIADH why does the urine osmolarity exceed the plasma osmolarity?25.What are the functions of potassium?26.Complete the following table.CausesManifestationsTreatmentPotassium DeficitPotassium Excess27. What effect does a potassium deficit have on a client taking digitalis products?28. What is the maximum amount of potassium chloride that can be administered IV and in what dilution? (Look in your drug book as well as the text).29. Is KCl ever given IV push? Do you have to use a pump?30. Why is there a difference between moderate and severe manifestations in potassium excess?31. What are the functions of calcium?32. Complete the following table.CausesManifestationsTreatmentCalcium DeficitCalcium Excess33. Identify the major nursing diagnoses associated with fluid and electrolyte imbalances.Fluid vol