电法新技术（nxpowerlite）

3DEX INTERPRETATION METHOD,The 3D Explorer Induction Logging Service,3D Explorer,Primary Impetus Other Possible Applications ,Identification & Quantification of Low Resistivity & Low Contrast Pay,Fracture Detection & Orientation Measurement Anisotropy Correlation with Seismics Oil Based Mud Dipmeter Deviated & Horizontal Well Planning,Crossbeds & sand/shale & siltstones,Rh,Rv,Origin of Electrical Anisotropy,20-30% of global reserves in anisotropic reservoirs,Resistivity: example,x545,x580,x600,x630,30,80,0.2,200,Gamma ray,Laterologs,Clean sand,Core,Thin beds,Principle of Measurement,Sand: high Rt,Rv,Sand-Shale Resistivity Model,Rsand = 10 Ohm-m,Rshale = 1 Ohm-m,Resistivity Response in Laminar Sand/Shale Sequences,8 Frequencies (10 - 150 kHz),7 Receivers:,1 Transmitter:,z,Tz,HDIL Configuration,3DEX Configuration,3 Receivers:,Ry,Rz,Rx,x,Tx,Tx,Hxx,Hxy Hxz,Tz,Tz,Hzz,Hzx,Hzy,y,Ty,Ty,Hyy,Hyx,Hyx,Multiple Frequencies (20 - 200 kHz),z,Full Magnetic Field Tensor,3 Transmitters:,Isotropic and Anisotropic Responses,10,-1,10,0,10,1,10,2,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,True Model,Resistivity (Ohm-m),Logging Depth (m),Rh,-1000,-500,0,500,1000,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,Hxx and Hzz Responses,Apparent Conductivity (mS/m),Hxx isotropic,Hzz an/isotropic,Horizontal Parallel Conductivity Tensor Component,Vertical Series Conductivity Tensor Component,Isotropic Tensor Resistivity Model,Isotropic Tensor Resistivity Equations,Isotropic Laminar Sand Conductivity Component,Isotropic Laminar Shale Volume,Laminar Sand Porosity?,Proper reservoir characterization requires the correct determination of the laminar sand fraction porosity.,Tensor Resistivity Petrophysical Model,Thomas-Stieber Shale Distribution Model References,Thomas-Stieber, 1975: Volumetrically Balanced Shale Distribution Model GR Response Vsh & Density t Model Demonstrated Importance of Laminar Sand Total Porosity Haley, 1979: LAMIS1, Complete Thomas-Stieber & Waxman-Smits-Thomas Model Juhasz, 1981: Clarified Thomas-Stieber Volumetric Mixing Rule Equations Demonstrated Net Pay Corrections Using Thomas-Stieber Model Demonstrated Swb Shale Distribution Dependence Juhasz, 1986: Compared Complete Vsh-e & Vsh-t Shale Distribution Models,Thomas-Stieber, Juhasz Shale Distribution & Laminar Sand Porosity,Dispersed Shale,Vshale,Total,sh,Modified, after Juhasz 1986,sd,Thomas-Stieber, Juhasz Shale Distribution & Laminar Sand Porosity,sd + (1 - sd ) sh,1- sd = Vsh,sd = Vsh,sd sh,I. Laminated,IV. Structural Grain Replacing,V. Structural Pore Filling,III. Dispersed Grain Replacing,II. Dispersed Pore Filling,Thomas-Stieber, Juhasz Shale Distribution & Laminar Sand Porosity,Laminar Shale Pay Zone,“Clean” Sands,sd,t,sd,sh,Two Component Porosity Model,Laminar Sand-Shale Porosity Model,Assume Equal Volumes of Sand & Shale,sand = 35%,shale = 15%,Volume of Sand = 50%,Volume of Shale = 50%,Total (average) measured porosity,Effective (shale corrected) porosity,Laminar Sand Porosity,Laminar Sand Water Saturation?,Proper reservoir characterization requires the correct determination of the sand fraction water saturation using volumetrically balanced equations based on a physical model.,Tensor Resistivity Petrophysical Model,Indonesian Equation,Empirical e - Swe Equations,?,Empirical e - Swe Equations Archie - Swe Difference,See Worthington 1985,Empirical e - Swe Equations, Swe - Vsh Plot 1 Ohm-m Shale & 10 Ohm-m Sand Model,Sw,Shale Volume,Archie t-Rt,Indonesian,Simandoux,Fertl Dispersed Sh,Poupon Swt,Humble,0%,100%,0%,Mod. Simandoux,Hossin Dispersed Sh,Archie Clean Sand,Consolidated Sand,Poupon Swsd,Swsd = 21%,100%,Empirical e - Swe Equations Bulk Volume Hydrocarbons - Vsh Plot,Shale Volume,Simandoux,0%,100%,Mod. Simandoux,Indonesian,Fertl Dispersed Sh,Poupon Swt,Hossin Dispersed Sh,Poupon Swsd,0.2,0.3,0.0,BVHC,Volumetric Components,Rsd - Water Saturation,Laminar Shale Volume,Clean Sand,Dispersed Shale,Waxman-Smits Swtsd,Archie Swsd, tsd - Rsd - Swtsd Petrophysical Model,Moveable Fluids ?,NMR - 3DEX Integration,Tensor Resistivity Petrophysical Model,MRIL Data Analysis,MRIL Response Model For A Thinly Bedded, Laminated Sequence,True ,T2,ms,Incremental ,MBVM,T2 Cutoff,MBVI,Shale MBVI,Legend,Sand MBVM,T2 Spectrum,MPHE,Permeability ?,Directional resistivities are the key to determine ksand in laminated sequences.,Tensor Resistivity Petrophysical Model,Laminar Sand Permeability,Where default parameters are: C =10, a = 4 & b = 2,Coates-Timur Permeability Equation,BVIsd,BVMsd,C,ksd,b,=,a,e,sd,Producibility ?,Lack of anisotropy hints to slump zones.,Tensor Resistivity Petrophysical Model,x100,x150,x200,Coarsening Upward Log Example,Rh,Rv,Rsd,x150,Modern Deltaic Sediment Slumps,Rotational Slump,Detachment Bowl,Scale: 1.5km,Rotational Slump,Slump Channel,10m Water Depth,60m Water Depth,Side-Scan Sonar Image,Modern Deltaic Sediment Slumps,Rotational Slump,Deformed - Folded Bedding,Cross Section View,Map View,Normal (Rotational) Down to the Basin Fault,Note Scales,x100,x150,x200,Illustration of Sediment Slump,Loss of Electrical Anisotropy,3D Explorer Tool Integration,Combination, feedthrough instrument 3D Explorer & High Definition Induction Log borehole and invasion definition, layer model, constrain Rh 3D Explorer & Magnetic Resonance Log moveable fluids, HC storage capacity, k, 3D Explorer & Image Logs adds laminae distribution, lateral continuity information, minimum laminated shale volume,Conventional Induction and Image,Conventional data suite in a laminated sand-shale sequence In the following. Perform a Sensitivity Experiment Compare to new 3DEX technology,Typical Thin-Bed Example Image based interpretation,Image-based Net/ Gross Identification,Thin-Bed Example - After,Image-based Resistivity Modeling,100%,50%,0%,Net / gross,Sand resistivity,Shale resistivity,10 m,1 m,Resistivity (Linear scale),Vertical resistivity,Anisotropy,Resistivity Response in Laminar Sand/Shale Sequences,Horizontal resistivity,Laminar Shale Volume,Resistivity ohm-m,1,10,100,0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,90%,100%,RHor,RSHALE = 1 -m, Sw = 25% / 14%,RSAND = 10 -m,sd = 30%, Rw=0.04, Sw = 20%,Uncertainties using Horizontal data, Sw = 32% / 9%,Both uncertainties Sw = 35% / 0%,100%,50%,0%,Net / gross,Sand resistivity,Shale resistivity,10 m,1 m,Resistivity (Linear scale),Horizontal resistivity,Anisotropy,3DEX Response in Laminar Sand/Shale Sequences,Vertical resistivity,Laminar Shale Volume,Resistivity ohm-m,1,10,100,0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,90%,100%,RSHALE = 1 -m, Sw = 20.5% - 19.5%,RSAND = 10 -m,sd = 30%, Rw=0.04, Sw = 20%,RVer, Sw = 21.7% - 19.3%,Uncertainty using Vertical data,Both uncertainties Sw = 22% / 19%,3DEX,Field Examples,Middle East - example,Resistivity and calculated oil saturation over the oil leg show large variation from high to very low without a correlation to porosity or shaliness Saturations derived from capillary pressure curves are much higher and more consistent Dry oil is produced in comparable rates from intervals with high and low resistivity Core inspection indicates very thin horizontal mica/pyrite laminations,GR (API),Resistivity Results,ZDEN,Logging Depth (m),5,15,Caliper (in),0,150,Resistivity (Ohm-m),5,10,Rv/Rh,0,60,CNC,1.7,2.7,1,30,3,Resistivity Image,x 0,x5,x10,x15,CNC,ZDEN,GR,Cal,Rh, 3DEX,Rv, 3DEX,Rh, HDIL,Well A: STAR and 3DEX,Saturation Analysis Well B,5,15,x00,x10,x20,x30,x40,x50,x60,Caliper (in),Logging Depth (m),Gamma Ray,0,150,0,60,CNC,ZDEN,1.7,2.7,1,10,100,Resistivity (Ohm-m),Resistivity,Porosity,0,1,Oil Saturation,GR,Cal,CNC,ZDEN,Rv,Rh,Oil Saturations,Oil saturation from capcurve data,Oil saturation from Rh,Oil saturation from Rv,GOM - example 2,vertical exploration well many intervals where standard induction resistivity reads just above baseline,B,C,Zone,3DEX Field Log Example Gamma Ray - Resistivity - Porosity Data,X200,B,C,Zone,3DEX Field Log Example Shale Distribution - Saturation Results,X200,GWC,3DEX Field Log Example Gamma Ray - Resistivity - Porosity Data,X400,GWC,3DEX Field Log Example Shale Distribution - Saturation Results,X400,3DEX measurements - summary,3DEX direct measurements,Porosit