unit 10 词语的增加

词语的增加所谓增词法，就是在翻译时按意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象；还有一些词，虽然在英语原文中意义明确而完整，但是翻译成汉语后却不通顺。在这种情况下，就需要使用增词法的翻译技巧。I. 增词法在英译汉中的运用一、增加原文中省略的部分（一）增补并列结构中省略的词语We dont retreat, we never have and never will。我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。（we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat）A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.（三）增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译时要适当加以补充。Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.。二、增加意义上或修辞上的需要上的部分（一）增加动词根据上下文的具体意义，在翻译时经常需要在某些名词及动词之前或之后增加动词，才能使译文的意思明确完整，读起来也较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation.（二）增加形容词或者副词根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达原意。What a leader he was!The crowds melted away.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.（三）增加名词1在不及物动词后面增加名词英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词，当它作不及物动词用时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的，译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。例如To wash before meal 是“饭前洗手”，如果不译出隐含的宾语“手”，译文“饭前洗一洗”的意思就不明确。同样，To wash after getting up 和To wash before going to bed也应分别译成“起床后洗脸”和“睡前洗脚”了。 Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.He never drinks before driving.2在形容词前增加名词This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.A new kind of aircraftsmall, cheap, pilotlessis attracting increasing attention.3在抽象名词后增加名词某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，解释具体，从而使译文更合乎规范。如：to innovate革新innovation革新措施to evolve进化evolution进化过程to solve解决solution解决方法to derive推导derivation推导过程to persuade说服persuasion说服工作to prepare准备preparation准备工作backward落后backwardness落后状态tense紧张tension紧张局势arrogant自满arrogance自满情绪mad疯狂madness疯狂行为antagonistic敌对antagonism敌对态度redundant多余redundancy多余信息After all preparations were made, our meeting will begin.They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.However, even today, poor, uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the more affluent and better educated can expect. He stressed the growing concern of the United States over the increasing political instability in the Middle East region. （四）增加表示名词复数的词1). 汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词后面加“们”字，如“the teachers”“教师们”，或在该名词前面加上“诸位”、“各（位）”，如“ladies and gentlemen”诸位（各位）女士和先生。此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重迭词、数词或其它一些词来表达，这样做可以让汉语译文更加通顺，更加完整。1增加重迭词表示复数Flowers bloom all over the yard.Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.2增加数词或其他词表示复数The lion is the king of animals.Mr. Hobbs didnt talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon.2). 名词，尤其是抽象名词，当构成复数后，往往具有一定的具体数量意义，在翻译时，要注意把这种复数意思译出。1) Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides. 3) However, despite Kennedys assurances, the story started to leak.（五）增加表达时态的词英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化（如write, wrote）或加助动词（如will write , have written）来表达的。汉语动词没有词形变化，表达时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一些表示时间的词。如：翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”；翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”；翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“会”、“便”、“就要”等等。除此之外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往需要加一些其它的词。对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。had known two great social systems.The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 2强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.II. 增词法在汉译英中的运用。 增补的目的就是使译文显化，明晰化：一是出于句法上的考虑，即将原文句法上的省略成分按汉语习惯补出；一是根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系，在译文中增添有助于译文读者理解的显化表达，或者说将原文隐含的信息显化于译文，使意思更明确，逻辑更清楚。由于汉英民族思维方式的不同及其体现在语言表达上的差异， 翻译中有时要做逻辑上的引申增补。如：“使领导班子年轻化”不能译为to make the leading hody younger。因为leading body是抽象的概念，不可能变得younger，不合逻辑。应按逻辑引申为to bring young people to the leading posts。再如： 这两次直航是台湾海峡分隔52年以来，金门、马祖的民众第一次公开从海上直航厦门、福州。虽然海滨浴场每年吸引了成千上万的中外游客，但却明显地受季节自然因素的影响。杭州的龙井茶为我国绿茶中之极品，以虎跑泉水冲戗，清香扑鼻，甘醇无比。Exercises: Translate the following into English or Chinese according to what you have learned from this part. 1. On July 1, 1997, Hongkong returned to the Peoples Republic of China.2. Are you tired? Not very.3. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.4. After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting.5. Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.6. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.7. We have to face different problems.8. I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.9. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 10. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. 11. He bacame an oil baron-all by himself. 12. In the evening, after the banquet, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work