定语从句知识要点及练习.doc

定语从句知识要点及练习（一）定语从句在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词后面。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词。关系代词的用法见下表：关系代词在从句中的成分用于限制性和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物从句中作主语whowhichthat从句中作宾语whom/whowhichthat从句中作定语whosewhosewhose关系代词的作用：1) 连接作用 (引导定语从句，连接从句和主句)2) 替代作用 (在从句中替代前面的先行词或整个句子)3) 成分作用 (在从句中必须要担任一个成分)I.关系代词在定语从句中的具体用法1. who指人, 在从句中作主语(或宾语)The girl who took you to my place is my friend.2.whom指人, 在从句中作宾语The young men whom/who he employs are always complaining about their long hours3.whose表示所属关系, 指人或指物, 在从句中作定语The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him4.4.that指人或指物, 在从句中作主语或宾语All the apples that fall down are eaten by the pigsThe young lady that wears a blue blouse is a singer5.which指物, 在从句中作主语或宾语The stairs which lead to the language lab are rather slipperyII.限制性和非限制性定语从句根据定语从句与先行词的关系是否紧密, 可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句往往紧跟在先行词后，不使用逗号分开, 翻译成中文时, 一般把定语从句翻译在被修饰词 (即先行词) 前面。而非限制性定语从句，一般使用逗号隔开, 可把定语从句翻译在被修饰词 (即先行词) 前面, 也可以翻译在其后, 作为附加说明有时, 对两者的理解还会产生歧义。Lao Wangs brother who is twenty years old is a PLA man老王的那位20岁的弟弟是一位解放军战士(不只一个兄弟)Lao Wangs brother, who is twenty years old, is a PLA man老王的弟弟今年20岁, 他是一位解放军战士(不清楚有几个兄弟)III.关系代词that和which的区别关系代词that和which在指物时，一般可以通用，但各自又有特殊用法，此时不可混用。1.只能用that不能用which的情况先行词是不定代词all, something, anything, everything, none, the one, little, much等时, 要用that, 而不用whichAll that heard the news was delighted.所有听到这个消息的人都很高兴Is there anything that I can do for you?我能为您做点什么？先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时, 要用that, 而不用whichHe was the best king that ever ruled the country他是曾统治过这个国家的最好的一位国王先行词前有序数词修饰时, 要用that, 而不用whichThis is the fifth book that I have ever written这是我写好的第五本书先行词前有形容词only, very, few, little, no, right等修饰时, 要用that, 而不用whichShe was the only person that was invited to the palace先行词既指人, 又指物时, 只能使用that.They talked about things and persons that they remember at school他们谈论了他们记起的上学时的人和事2.2.只能用which不用that的情况：在非限制性定语从句中She made great progress and won a prize, which gave us a surprise她取得了很大进步并获得了奖金, 这使我们很惊讶在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中, 必须使用whichThis is the knife with which John hurt somebody这就是约翰伤人的那把刀3.在下列情况下, 多用关系代词who, 而不使用that：先行词为those, one, ones, anyone, people等时Those who are from Qingdao come this way从青岛来的人, 这边走当先行词后有较长的后置定语时, 或定语从句被分隔时A teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German明天就要来一位老师, 他将教你们德语当先行词是用-body或-one构成的不定代词时, 关系代词多使用whoIs there anybody else who should be invited?还有没有要邀请的别人呢？IV. 重点要记住的几点1.重点掌握各关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose）的用法；2.必须首先有先行词才会有定语从句，定语从句不能离开先行词而存在。3.关系代词作宾语且前面无介词时可省略，其他情况一律不能省。4.在含有定语从句的复合句中，必须分清主句和从句，以便选择正确的动词形式，例：A. Dont let the children who are too young go swimming in the river.B. Please ask the man you referred to to come in.C. The day I looked forward to came at last.D. She did what she could to help me.E. The man you referred to hasnt come.定语从句知识要点及练习（二）I.介词+which/whom引导的定语从句定语从句中很多介词，可以留在从句中原来的地方，此时的关系代词可用that/which/whom/who；也可以提到关系代词的前面，形成介词+which/whom引导的定语从句，先行词指人时关系代词用whom(此时绝不可用who/that)；指物时关系代词用which(此时决不可用that)。 *Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?= Is this the house (which/that) Shakespeare was born in? *In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.= In the dark street, there wasnt a single person (whom/who) she could turn to for help. 但一些关系紧密的动词词组不可把介词提前,如look after, look for, get on等II.关系副词在定语从句中的用法 关系副词共有三个，where，when和why1.where表示地点, 在从句中作状语, 常常修饰表示地点的名词 *The house where Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest. 2.when表示时间，在从句中作状语，常常修饰表示时间的名词*I still remember the days when I lived in the countryside. 3.why表示原因, 在从句中作状语, 修饰表示原因的名词reason*I dont know the reason why he was late.III.where, when和why经常可以拆分成“介词+which”，where=介词in, at, on, under等+which；when=介词in, on, at, during等+which；why=介词for+which。 * The house where Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest. = The house in which Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest. = The house (that/which) Lu Xun once lived in has become a place of interest *I still remember the days when I lived in the countryside. = I still remember the days in which I lived in the countryside. = I still remember the days (which/that) I lived in in the countryside.(很少这么说) * I dont know the reason why he was late. = I dont know the reason for which he was late. = I dont know the reason (which/that) he was late for.(很少这么说)IV.先行词是表示地点或时间或原因的词时，其后不一定用where，when，或why，也可能用that或which，关键看先行词在从句中的作用，如果先行词在从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)时，定语从句的引导词必须用that或which(作宾语还能省略)；如果先行词在从句中作状语时，定语从句的引导词才可用where, when或why.A.*the factory (that/which) we visited last year(先行词作及物动词visit的宾语) *the factory where his father worked(work是不及物动词，不需要宾语，故用where作状语) *the factory (which/that) his father worked in(从句中有介词in, 故用which/that,或不填) *the market which/that sells childrens clothes(先行词在从句中作主语且不能省，故用which或that)*the market where we can buy childrens clothes(从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词只能作状语，故用where)*the market (which/that) we can buy childrens clothes in(从句中有介词in, 故用which/that,或不填)B.*those days when we worked together(从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词days只能作状语，故用when)*those days (that/which) we spent together(spend是及物动词，从句中缺少宾语，故用that/which或省略)C.*the reason why he didnt come(从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词reason只能作状语，故用why) *the reason (that/which) he explained to us(explain是及物动词，从句中缺少宾语，故用that/which或省略)所以，做这类题目时，首先必须清楚什么动词是及物的，什么是不及物的；其次看定语从句是否缺少主语或宾语，如果缺主语或宾语，就必须用关系代词which或that；在确定从句不缺主语或宾语后，才能考虑用where，when或why，切记。V.关系代词as引导的定语从句1.关系代词as可引导限制性定语从句，指代某个词(先行词)，只用于such+名词+as和the same+名词+as两句型中。as本身必须在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。先行词前有such和the same时，关系代词不可用that/which/who/whom。 *We have found such materials as are used in their factory.(as作主语) *He is such a good boy as we all like.(as作宾语 *He is no longer the same person as he used to be.(as作表语)2.关系代词as也可引导非限制性定语从句，可位于主句的前面或后面，指代主句。此时和which的区别如下:二者都可以引导非限制性定语从句, 用来修饰整个主句的内容, 有时可以互换使用*He is a foreigner, as/which I know from his accent从他的口音我知道他是个外国人定语从句放在句首时, 只用as, 不能使用which*As is well known to all, China is a developing country众所周知, 中国是一个发展中国家当非限制性定语从句为否定句时, 常用which引导*Mr.Zhang usually criticizes Mary in public, which she doesnt like at all当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时, 常使用which引导*Little Bob always tells a lie, which his parents find strange小鲍勃总是说谎, 这使他的父母感到很吃惊当as在从句中作主语时, 后面的谓语动词常使用被动语态; 如果从句中是主动语态, 一般多使用which*She has been late again, as was expected.她又迟到了, 这在意料之中*Tom made great progress in Chinese, which made us delighted. 汤姆的中文取得了很大的进步, 这使我们很高兴as引导的定语从句, 常常有固定的句式：as you know (正如你知道的那样) , as anybody can see (人人都会明白) , as is well known (众所周知) , as is said above (如上所述)等等。VI.模糊的地点或时间名词作先行词 当先行词是表示模糊的地点名词如stage(阶段), case(情况), situation(情景)，而且在从句中作状语时，必须用关系副词where。当然在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用关系代词that/which。*Can you think of a situation where this word is used?当先行词是表示模糊的时间名词如age(时代), occasion(场合,时机)，而且在从句中作状语时，必须用关系副词when。当然在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用关系代词that/which。*We are in the age when we can do almost anything that was impossible before.VII. way后面的定语从句way后面的定语从句如果不缺主语或宾语时，其引导词可用that，in which或不填，如果缺少主语或宾语时，则应该用that或which.*The way (that/which) he explained to us (缺宾语)*The way (that/in which) he explained the sentence (不缺主语和宾语)名 词 性 从 句名词性从句根据从句的所做的成分可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句(注意: 定语从句不属于名词性从句)；根据从句的结构(连词的不同)又可分为that从句和wh-从句。一、that从句that从句顾名思义，就是连词只用that, 包括肯定句和否定句，它们都是非疑问句。that本身无意义，在句中不做任何成分，只起连接作用。除宾语从句外，其他三种名词性从句的that一般不能省略。1.That we can finish the work on time is possible.(主语从句)划线部分是整个句子的主语。为了使句子平衡，主语从句常常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语从句后置，故该类句子经常写为：It is possible that we can finish the work on time. 2.It made us worried that he didnt pass the exam.(主语从句)3.He told me (that) he would leave for Beijing the next day.(宾语从句)4.We were told that he didnt pass the exam.(宾语从句)5.My opinion is that we must put off the meeting till next Monday.(表语从句)6.The problem is that we cant find the tools we need. (表语从句)7.He made a promise that he would buy me a computer.(同位语从句)8.Word came that our football team had won the match. (同位语从句)同位语从句前一定有一名词，同位语从句就是用来说明该名词的内容。常用在同位语从句前的名词有：news, fact, hope, idea, suggestion, promise, thought, doubt, belief, truth, word(消息)，request, proposal, evidence等。 切记：不是所有名词都能用在同位语从句前的，只能是上面所列的名词。二、wh-从句wh-从句顾名思义就是疑问型从句，即由下列疑问词引导的句子(括号内表示该词在从句中可作的成分)：who(主/宾), whom(宾), whose(定), what(主/宾/定), which(主/宾/定), whoever(主/宾), whatever(主/宾/定), whichever(主/宾/定), when(状), where(状), how(状), why(状), whether/if(不作成分)。1.Why she did it is not known. (It is not known why she did it).(主语从句)2.It remains a question whether he will be able to come. (主语从句)3.I dont know when he will come.(宾语从句)4.They wanted to see which shops offered the best advice and service. (宾语从句)5.The problem is whether he will come.(表语从句)6.What I want to know is whether it is worth doing. (表语从句)7.This is where he has worked for years. (表语从句)8.I have no idea how much it costs.(同位语从句)凡所有的wh-从句在名词性从句中都应把疑问语序改为陈述语序, 但是whats wrong和whats the matter 语序不变，如： 9.What is your name? He asked me what my name was.(语序改变) 10.Whats the matter? He asked me what was the matter.(语序不变)除宾语从句外，其他名词性从句中，“是否”必须用whether而不能用if.三、常见的it作形式主语的主语从句句型I. It + be + adj. + that从句 此类形容词常见的有：certain, clear, important, likely, (im)possible, strange, true, obvious, (un)known, 等。1.It is well-known that China has the largest population in the world.II. It + be + n. +that 从句 此类名词常见的有：knowledge, custom, rule(习惯,惯例), pity, no wonder, no surprise, fact等.。2.Its a pity that we cant go.3.It is a rule that he reads English every morning.4.It is no wonder that he got the first prize. 这类句子要注意和定语从句以及强调句的区别：5.It is a car that is made in China.(定语从句)6.It was John that bought a computer yesterday.(强调句)III.It + be + -ed + that从句 这类-ed分词常见的有：said, reported, believed, thought, proved, announced, decided, expected, suggested, ordered, hoped, known, 等。注意此类句子如何改为括号内的句子。7.It is said that Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. (Spring Festival is said to be the most important festival in China.)8.It was thought that he had studied abroad. (He was thought to have studied abroad.)9.It is said that the book has been translated into Chinese.(The book is said to have been translated into Chinese.)10.It was reported that New York was searching for the lost.(New York was reported to be searching for the lost.)IV.It + occur to sb./happen/seem/appear/matter+ that从句11.It appears/seems that he has known the truth. (He appears/seems to have known the truth.)12.It happens that he is waiting for us at the school gate. (碰巧他在校门口等我们)(He happens to be waiting for us at the school gate.)13.Does it matter that the cover of the book is lost?(书的封面掉了，这要紧吗？)14.It occurred to me that I had left my bag on the bus.四、who(m)和who(m)ever在名词性从句中的选择 who(m)和who(m)ever在意思上和用法上是完全不同的。首先，who(m)的意思是“谁”，而who(m)ever的意思是“任何的人”，相当于anyone who(m)；其次，who(m)引导的名词性从句，强调的是整个从句的内容，即“谁做某事”，而who(m)ever引导的名词性从句强调的是人，即“做某事的人”。比较： 1.Who will be sent there is not decided.(没决定的是“谁将被派去那里”，不能用whoever)2.Whoever wants the book may have it.（想要这本书的人都可以得到它。不能用who）3.I dont know who broke the window.(不能用whoever)4.Whoever broke the window should be punished.(不能用who)另外，whoever和whomever的选择标准是看该词在从句中作主语还是宾语，而不是看该从句在整个句子中作主语还是宾语；作宾语时，whoever可以代替whomever。比较：5.Give the book to whoever wants it.(划线部分是从句，作to的宾语，但从句中的主语却是whoever，故不能用whomever)6.Whomever (Whoever) you invite will be welcomed.(划线部分是从句，作主语，但从句中whomever作invite的宾语，也可用whoever)五、名词性从句和定语从句的区别 从句子的功能上来看，名词性从句是作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，定语从句是作定语。这其中特别要注意同位语从句和定语从句的不同，主要看连接词是否指代前面的名词，指代前面的名词并且在从句中担任成分的是定语从句，不指代并且不作成分的是同位语从句。1. the news that our football team won(同位语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语)2.the news that made all of us happy(定语从句，从句中缺主语) 3.He made a promise that he would buy me a new bike. (同位语从句,从句中不缺主语和宾语) 4.Thats the promise (that/which) he made. (定语从句，从句中缺宾语)另外，对于who, whom, whose, when, where和why这几个同时都可用于定语从句和名词性从句的词，在定语从句中它们一般不译出来，而在名词性从句中它们是有具体意义的，要译出来。 5.We didnt know who broke the window.(我们不知道谁打破了窗) 6.We found the boy who broke the window.(我们找到了打破窗的男孩)六、what在名词性从句中的用法 what是名词性从句中考查最多的一个词，所以必须正确使用该词。必须记住：I. what只能在名词性从句中使用，定语从句的关系代词中只有that, which, who, whom 和whose，并没有what，所以what不能用在定语从句中，但名词+关系代词的定语从句可以改为前面无名词的what从句，换句话说，如有先行词必须用关系代词，没有先行词则用what, what相当于something that。比较： 1.Thats the book that I bought yesterday. 2.Thats what I bought yesterday.II. what在任何句子中一定要担任某个成分，多作主语和宾语，也作定语和表语。以下是what的一些典型句子，看看what在句中作什么成分：3.What is over is over.过去的已过去了。 4.What should be done has been done. 5.Give me what there is.把有的都给我 6.It took him what seemed a long time to finish the painting他花了好象很长时间才画完这幅画 7.They settled down in what is now Boston.他们在现在是波斯顿的地方定居下来。 8.He is what is known as the hacker. 他就是人们所熟知的黑客。 9.He is what we call the hacker.他就是我们所称的黑客。 10.Thats what makes the machine work.那就是使机器运转的东西。11.Water is what makes life possible.水就是使生命成为可能的东西 12.Thats what made me worried. 13.He is interested in what others are not (interested) in.他对别人不感兴趣的感兴趣。 14.He has made the company what it is today.他使公司成了现在这个样子。 15.My hometown is not what it was years ago.16.Ill do what I can. 17.He floated for 30 hours in what someone said yesterday was a world record.七、名词性从句其他需注意的方面I. that在定语从句中必须担任一个成分，而在名词性从句中是不担任任何成分的。如有两个以上的宾语从句，第一个that可省，从第二个起that都不得省略。II.介词后面不能跟that从句，但except和固定词组in that(因为，在于)除外。介词后只能跟wh-从句。 1.I know nothing about him except that he is from America. 2.Im worried about how the money was spent. 3.Im worried that he might get lost. 4.Im afraid of what he will say. 5.Im afraid that it might hurt his feelings.八、高考对名词性从句的考查要求1.掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的基本句型结构。2.弄清名词性从句的连接词的用法和意义并根据句子语义确定使用何种连接词。3.名词性从句的语序3.分清名词性从句和定语从句以及其他从句的不同。情态动词常考点一、情态动词表示可能性/猜测的用法 can, may, must均可以用来表示可能性/猜测，但必须记住：1. 在表示可能性/猜测时,can用于否定句和疑问句；may只能用于肯定句和否定句；must只能用于肯定句。 He must be at home. 他一定在家。 He may be at home. 他可能在家。 He may not be at home. 他可能不在家。 He cant be at home. 他不可能在家。 Can he be at home? 他可能在家吗?2.从另一角度来看，在表示可能性/猜测时，肯定句只能用must和may，否定句只能用may和can，疑问句只能用can。mustnt不能用来表示可能性/猜测的，而是“不准”的意思.(这一点务必注意，这也是经常出错之处)二、情态动词+完成式的用法 “情态动词+一般式”表示现在或将来的情况，“情态动词+完成式”表示过去的情况，如：He must be at home. 他(现在)一定在家。He must have been at home. 他(过去)一定在家。You should study hard.你(现在/今后)应该努力学习。You should have studied hard.你(过去)本该努力学习。 不同的情态动词+完成式有不同的意思，列表如下：情态动词+完成式用法例句must +have done用于肯定句，对过去的推测，意为“一定做了某事”*The lights were out. They must have been asleep.*It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.can +have done用于疑问句，对过去的推测，意为“可能做了某事吗？”*The door is locked. Where can he have gone?could +have done用于肯定句，过去可以做的事未做，意为“本可以做某事”*I could have attended the meeting, but I didnt. I was ill.cant +have do