平衡营养与合理膳食课件

第三章 平衡营养与合理膳食,学习目标,1,2,3,4,重点掌握居民平衡膳食宝塔的构成和使用，营养食谱的制定,掌握平衡营养、合理膳食、膳食指南及其与健康的关系,了解膳食指南的由来和我国居民膳食结构的现状与调整,2019/3/28,2,人类为了维持生命与健康,保证正常的生活与劳动,每日必须摄取一定数量的食物,并利用这些食物以获取能量和各种营养素。这些营养素是具有提供能量、构成机体组织及调节生理功能的物质。,2019/3/28,3,但并非所有营养素都同时具有上述三种功能,如蛋白质以构成机体组织为主,脂肪与碳水化合物以供给机体能量为主,维生素则以调节代谢为主。营养的全过程包括摄食、消化、吸收和中间代谢等几个主要环节,任何一个环节发生障碍都将对机体造成不利影响。,2019/3/28,4,食物所含营养素各不相同,人们必须合理膳食才能摄取各种营养素达到平衡营养、促进健康的目的。在研究各营养素的重要作用及其在食品中所呈现的相互影响,以及避免在加工、烹调等过程中所造成的损失的同时,根据营养学原理和居民实际情况,专家们提出了以食品为基础的膳食指南。,2019/3/28,5,第一节 平衡营养与合理膳食,2019/3/28,6,一、平衡营养、合理膳食及其人体健康的管理,2019/3/28,7,健康是指不但不生病,而且机体与环境之间在生理上、心理上、社会上保持相对平衡,有适应社会生活的能力。人体健康在很大程度上取决于平衡营养,无论是缺乏或过剩都是营养失调,并可引起疾病。人体所需的各种营养素由食物供给,在代谢过程中,各种营养素必须比例适宜才能协同作用,发挥最大的营养效能。,2019/3/28,8,（一）平衡营养与人体健康,膳食所提供的热能和营养素与人体所需的一致,即人体消耗的营养物质与从食物获得的营养素达成平衡,这称为营养平衡。能达到机体营养平衡的营养过程叫平衡营养。平衡营养,首先必须在人体的生理需要和膳食营养素供给之间建立几个平衡。,2019/3/28,9,五大平衡,2019/3/28,10,1.热量营养素构成平衡,当热量营养素提供的总热量与机体消耗的能量平衡时;当摄入的三种热量营养素分别给机体提供的热量为:碳水化合物占60%70%、脂肪占20%25%、蛋白质占10%15%时,各自的特殊作用发挥并互相起到促进和保护作用,这种总热量平衡、热量比例(或热量营养素摄入量的比例)也平衡的情况称为热量营养素构成平衡。,2019/3/28,11,二、氨基酸平衡,食物中蛋白质的营养价值,基本上取决于食物中所含有的8种必需氨基酸的数量和比例。只有食物中所提供的8种必需氨基酸的比例,与人体所需要的比例接近时才能有效地合成人体的组织蛋白。比例越接近,生理价值越高,生理价值接近100时,即100%被吸收,称为氨基酸平衡食品。,2019/3/28,12,3.各种营养素摄入量间的平衡,只要各种营养素在一定的周期内,保持在标准供给量误差不超过10%,营养素摄入量间的平衡就算达到了。,2019/3/28,13,4.酸碱平衡,正常情况下人体血液偏碱性,pH保持在7.37.4。应当食用适量的酸性食品和碱性食品,以维持体液的酸碱平衡,若食品搭配不当,会引起生理上的酸碱失调。,2019/3/28,14,5.动物性食物和植物性食物平衡（荤素平衡）,荤素平衡,以脂肪在每日三餐热量中占20%30%为宜。,2019/3/28,15,（二）合理膳食与健康,食物所含营养素各不相同,任何一种食物都不能在质和量上满足人类营养的全部需要,必须通过各种食物相互搭配方能达到平衡营养的要求。 通常,将这种能达到全面营养要求的膳食称为合理膳食。 合理膳食、平衡营养，是维持人体健康与生存的重要条件。,2019/3/28,16,2019/3/28,17,二、我国居民膳食结构的现状与调整,2019/3/28,18,（一）膳食结构,膳食结构是指人们消费的食物种类及其数量的相对构成，主要取决于人体对营养的生理需求和生产供应条件所提供食物资源的可能。 良好的膳食结构通常与良好的健康相联系。,2019/3/28,19,膳食结构的三大类型,2019/3/28,20,1.动物性为主的膳食结构,以欧美发达国家的膳食为代表。,2019/3/28,21,2.植物性食物为主的膳食结构,以大部分发展中国家的膳食为代表。,2019/3/28,22,3.动植物性食物摄取比较均衡的膳食结构,以日本的膳食为代表。 此类膳食既保持了以植物性食物为主的东方人膳食的优点，又避免了西方“三高一低”膳食的缺陷。,2019/3/28,23,（二）膳食类型,膳食就是人们有规律进食的食物或食品。膳食类型即人们长期经常进食食物的质量、组成及烹调方式的类型。实际生活中,由于地区、民族或个人信仰与生活习惯等的不同,有不同的膳食结构和食物消费,2019/3/28,24,膳食类型,1,4,1. 素膳 -素膳主要或完全由植物性食品构成,又分纯素膳和广义素膳。,2.混合膳食 -混合膳食由植物性食品和动物性食品构成,不但适合人类消化道解剖结构,也为其提供饱腹、易消化和全面的营养创造了条件。,3.平衡膳食 -指膳食中所含营养素不仅种类齐全、数量充足,且比例适宜,既能满足机体生理需要,又可避免因膳食构成的营养素比例不当,甚至某种营养素缺乏或过剩所引起的营养失调,2,3,4. 合成平衡膳食 - 指由纯净的氨基酸、单糖、必需脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质等人工合成的膳食。,2019/3/28,25,（三）我国膳食结构现状,我国目前的膳食结构特点为：以粮谷豆类、蔬菜水果等植物性食物为主，畜禽蛋乳鱼等动物性食物为辅。 能量和蛋白质主要来源于植物性食物，特别是谷类。,2019/3/28,26,2019/3/28,27,第二节 我国的膳食指南 -中国居民膳食宝塔,2019/3/28,28,一、膳食指南及其由来,膳食指南是食物合理选择与搭配的陈述性建议,是根据有关营养学理论制定的饮食指导原则,其目的在于改善、优化饮食结构,倡导平衡膳食,以减少与膳食有关的疾病。,2019/3/28,29,膳食指南并非营养学或公共卫生的新事物,作为卫生政策的一部分已有近百年的历史,它是由早期的食物目标,历经膳食供给量、膳食阶段目标演变而来的。 目前,世界上已有近20个国家公布了本国的膳食指南。,2019/3/28,30,二、我国的膳食指南,膳食指南又称膳食指导方针或膳食目标,它是一个国家或一个地区在一定时期内对所有居民或特殊人群的膳食总指导原则,是依据营养学理论,结合社区人群实际情况制定的,用以引导居民合理消费食物,全面摄取营养,促进健康的指导性意见。,2019/3/28,31,（一）中国居民膳食指南,中国营养学会1989年提出的我国膳食指南如下:食物多样;饥饱适当;油脂适量;粗细搭配;食盐限量;少吃甜食;节制饮酒;三餐合理。,2019/3/28,32,1997年,中国居民膳食指南专家委员会根据全国营养调查资料、有关研究报告及我国居民膳食结构的变化及居民膳食中存在的缺陷,修订并发布了中国居民膳食指南,共有8条。,2019/3/28,33,1.食物多样,谷类为主 2.多吃蔬菜、水果和薯类 3.常吃乳类、豆类或其制品 4.经常吃适量鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉，少吃肥肉和荤油 5.食量与体力活动要平衡，保持适宜体重,2019/3/28,34,6.吃清淡少盐的膳食 7.如饮酒影限量 8.吃清洁卫生、不变质的食物,2019/3/28,35,（二）我国特定人群膳食指南,（1）婴儿 -鼓励母乳喂养。母乳喂养4个月后逐步添加辅助食品。,2019/3/28,36,（2）幼儿与学龄前儿童 -每日饮乳。养成不挑食、不偏食的良好饮食习惯。,2019/3/28,37,（3）学龄儿童 -保证吃好早餐，少吃零食，饮用清淡饮料，控制食糖摄入，重视户外活动。,2019/3/28,38,（4）青少年 -多吃谷类，供给充足的能量。保证肉、鱼、蛋、乳、豆类和蔬菜的摄入。参加体力活动，避免盲目节食,2019/3/28,39,（5）孕妇 -妊娠4个月起，保证充足的能量。妊娠后期保持体重的正常增长。增加鱼、肉、蛋、乳和海产品的摄入。,2019/3/28,40,（6）乳母 -保证充足的能量。增加鱼、肉、蛋、乳和海产品的摄入。,2019/3/28,41,（7）老年人 -食物要粗细搭配，易于消化。积极参加适度体力活动，保持能量平衡。,2019/3/28,42,三、中国居民平衡膳食宝塔的构成和使用,2019/3/28,43,（二）居民平衡膳食宝塔的使用,年轻人及劳动强度大的人需要的能量高； 年老、活动少的人需要的能量少。,2019/3/28,44,2019/3/28,45,3.合理分配三餐食量,一般，早餐说提供的热量约占全日总能量的30%； 午餐是一日总的主餐，应吃好，占40%为宜； 晚餐约占30%。 特殊情况下，三餐比例可适当调整。,2019/3/28,46,PPT模板下载：/moban/ 行业PPT模板：/hangye/ 节日PPT模板：/jieri/ PPT素材下载：/sucai/ PPT背景图片：/beijing/ PPT图表下载：/tubiao/ 优秀PPT下载：/xiazai/ PPT教程： /powerpoint/ Word教程： /word/ Excel教程：/excel/ 资料下载：/ziliao/ PPT课件下载：/kejian/ 范文下载：/fanwen/ 试卷下载：/shiti/ 教案下载：/jiaoan/ PPT论坛：,Hot Tip,2019/3/28,47,Hot Tip,1. Click to add title in here,2. Click to add title in here,3. Click to add title in here,4. Click to add title in here,5. Click to add title in here,6. Click to add title in here,2019/3/28,48,Hot Tip,01,02,03,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,“ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.”,2019/3/28,49,Hot Tip,Description of the companys sub contents,Description of the companys sub contents,Description of the companys sub contents,Content Title,Content Title,2019/3/28,50,Hot Tip,feature 01,feature 02,55%,16%,45%,41%,16%,50%,A product,B product,C product,Contents ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/28,51,Hot Tip,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Your text in here Your text in here Your text in here,02.Text in here,Your text in here Your text in here,03.Text in here,Your text in here Your text in here Your text in here,01.Text in here,10%,60%,30%,Click to add Text,2019/3/28,52,Hot Tip,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,Description of the contents,“ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.”,01,Description of the contents,02,Description of the contents,“ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.”,03,2019/3/28,53,Hot Tip,Level 1,Level 2,Level 3,Level 4,Level 5,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,2019/3/28,54,Hot Tip,Content Title,Content Title,Description of the companys sub contents,Description of the companys sub contents,Contents,Contents,Contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/28,55,Hot Tip,20.4%,Description of the companys products,20.4%,Description of the companys products,90%,Description of the companys products,38%,Description of the companys products,2019/3/28,56,Hot Tip,2005,2006,2007,2008,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/28,57,Hot Tip,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,A title about content,Describe a vision of company or strategic contents.,2019/3/28,58,Hot Tip,Please write down of feature for the product.,feature,merit,necessity,Please write down of feature for the product.,Please write down of feature for the product.,2019/3/28,59,Hot Tip,Click to add Text,Click to add Text,Click to add Text,Click to add Text,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,- Description of the contents,- Description of the contents,“A title about content”,Company L/O/G/O,- Description of the contents,2019/3/28,60,Hot Tip,Add Your Text,Add Your Text,Add Your Text,Add Your Text,Add Your Text,Add Your Text,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/28,61,Hot Tip,2019/3/28,62,Hot Tip,2019/3/28,63,Hot Tip,2019/3/28,64,Hot Tip,Click to add Text,Click to add Text,Click to add Text,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,2019/3/28,65,Hot Tip,Contents,Contents,Contents,Contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to add Text,2019/3/28,66,Hot Tip,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,A B C D,80%,90%,30%,55%,A. Description of the contents,B. Description of the contents,C. Description of the contents,D. Description of the contents,2019/3/28,67,Hot Tip,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Text in here,Text in here,Title in here,2019/3/28,68,Hot Tip,2019/3/28,69,Click to edit title style,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Title in here ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc. 1. Description of the contents 2. Description of the contents 3. Description of the contents,“ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.”,2019/3/28,70,Click to edit title style,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Description of the sub contents,Description of the sub contents,Description of the sub contents,Description of the sub contents,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,2019/3/28,71,Click to edit title style,Text,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Text,Text,Text,Description of the contents Description of the contents,2019/3/28,72,Click to edit title style,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,Click to add Text Click to add Text Click to add Text,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/28,73,Click to edit title style,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Title,Title,Title,Title,2019/3/28,74,Click to edit title style,Title in here,Add Title,Add Title,Add Title,Add Title,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,2019/3/28,75,Click to edit title style,Growth,Start,Jump,2008 2007 2006,2005 2004 2003,2002 2001 2000,Description of the contents Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents Description of the contents,2019/3/28,76,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Description of the sub contents,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Description of the sub contents,Description of the sub contents,Description of the sub contents,Click to edit title style,2019/3/28,77,Click to edit title style,Text in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Text in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Text in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Text in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Description of the contents,2019/3/28,78,Click to edit title style,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Add your text,Add your text,Add your text,Add your text,Add your text,Add your text,2019/3/28,79,Click to edit title style,20072008,2005 2006,2003 2004,2001 2002,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/28,80,Click to edit title style,Description of the contents,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/28,81,Click to edit title style,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Add your title in here Description of the contents Description of the contents Description of the contents Description of the contents,2019/3/28,82,Click to edit title style,Description of the contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,2019/3/28,83,Click to edit title style,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,A,B,C,D,2019/3/28,84,Click to edit title style,Title in here,Title in here,$40,$100,$25,$10,$45,$55,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Coordinate Depth in 3-D Settings.,2019/3/28,85,Click to edit title style,2019/3/28,86,Click to edit title style,Click to add Text,Add your text in here Your text in here Your text in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to add Text,Click to add Text,Add your text in here Your text in here Your text in here,Add your text in here Your text in here Your text in here,2019/3/28,87,Click to edit title style,Click to add Title,Click to add Title,Click to add Title,Click to add Title,Click to add Title,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,2019/3/28,88,Click to edit title style,2019/3/28,89,Click to edit title style,Your text in here,Your text in here,Your text in here,Your text in here,Your text in here,Your text in here,Text in here,Add your text in here,2019/3/28,90,Click to edit title style,Text in here,01.Title Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,02.Title Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,03.Title Add your text in here Add your text in here Add your text in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,2019/3/2