时间心理学研究简介.ppt

时间心理学研究简介 (The Psychology of Time: An Introduction),张志杰 西南师范大学心理学院,“时间究竟是什么？谁能轻易概括地说明它？谁对此有明确的概念，能用言语表达出来？可是在谈话之中，有什么比时间更常见，更熟悉呢？我们谈到时间，当然了解，听别人谈到时间，我们也领会。那么时间究竟是什么？没有人问我，我倒清楚，有人问我，我想说明，便茫然不解了。” -奥古斯丁忏悔录,“中国和西方所特有的时间概念和历史概念的差别（若有的话），与近代科学技术仅仅产生于西方文明的事实，这两者之间，是否存在某种联系呢？由许多哲学家所提出的论点，是由两部分组成的：第一，试图论证基督教文化比任何其他文化更加重视历史；第二，这种对于历史的重视在意识形态上有利于文艺复兴和科学革命时期近代自然科学的发展” -李约瑟“中国与西方的时间观和历史观” 载李约瑟文集,Outline,Temporal Cognition Temporal Perspective Time-related Individual Difference,Temporal Cognition,Behavioral research Macro-level Neural Bases of Temporal Behavior Micro -level,Temporal Cognition : Macro-level,Research paradigm - prospective vs. retrospective Models of Experienced Duration - Prospective Timing 1. Internal Clock 2. Resource allocation model 3. Temporal Information Processing 4. Attentional Gate Models of Remembered Duration - Retrospective Timing 1. Memory-Based Models: - Storage Size Hypothesis - Cognitive Change Hypothesis 2. Shortcomings and Limitations Rrange-Synthetic Model next,return,return,return,return,Temporal cognition : Macro-level,Factors influencing temporal cognition 1. Age-related difference Block,R.A.,Zakay,D.,& Hancock,P.A.(1998).Human aging and duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychology & Aging, 13,584-596. Block,R.A.,Zakay,D.,& Hancock,P.A.(1999). Developmental changes in human duration judgments: A meta-annalistic review. Developmental Review, 19,183-211 2. Gender Block,R.A., Hancock,P.A. ,& Zakay,D. (2000). Sex difference in duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Memory & Cognition, 28, 1333-1346.,Temporal Cognition: Macro-level,Factors influencing temporal cognition 3. Personality Rammsayer, T.H. (1997). On the relationship between personality and time estimation. Personality and individual differences, 23, 739-744 4. Mental illness ADHD, Parkinsons disease , Amnesia , Alzheimers disease,Schizophrenia, Stutter, Emotion 5. Notemporal task Modality effect notemporal task,Behavioural Processing, 1998,2000. Helga Lejeune Prospective timing, attention and the switch:A response to Gating or switching? gating is a better model of prospective timing by Zakay Switching or gating? The atttential challenge in cognitive models of psychological time. Dan Zakay Gating or switching? Gating is a better: model of prospective timing (a response to switching or gating? by Lejeune ),Neural Bases of Temporal Behavior: Micro -level,Rammsayer, T.H. (1993). On dopaminergic modulation of temporal information processing. Biological Psychology, 36, 209-222. Meck, W.H. (1996). Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cognitiv e Brain Research, 3,227-242. Rammsayer, T.H. (1999). Neuropharmacological Evidence for Different Timing Mechanisms in Humans. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,52B (3), 273-286 Rammsayer, T.H. et.al (2001). Effects of noradrenergic activity on temporal information processing in humans The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,54B (3), 247-258 Ronald P. Gruber,R.P.(2003).Effect of caffeine on prospective and retrospective duration judgements. Human Psychopharmacology, 18: 351359.,An introduction to Contigent Negative Variation( CNV)? 1. s1 (warning signal)- s2 (target signal) CNV reflect anticipatory processing and motor preparation processing of S2 2. The monophasic waveform(1-3s) and biphaisc waveform of CNV( exceeding 3-4s) 3. Electrophysiological correlates of time estimation (or temporal perception) Contigent negative variation and accuracy of time estimation: A study on cats (Macar, et al, 1979) CNV and time estimation (Ladanyi, et al ,1985) The processing of temproal intervals reflected by CNV-like brain potentials ( Elbert, et al , 1991),A typical CNV waveform,The Difference between Nontemporal and Temporal Information Processing by ERP Research,ERPs and PET Analysis of Time Perception: Spatial and Temporal Brain Mapping DuringVisual Discrimination Tasks, Human Brain Mapping,2000,Hemispheric Lateralization of Temporal Information Processing by ERP research For nontemporal information processing Left hemisphere for encoding Right hemisphere for retrieving,Monfort, et al(2000) Role of frontal cortex in memory for duration: an event-related potentional study in humans. Neuroscience Letters,Level of performance in temporal information processing reflected by ERP Results from PET show brain activity changes after practice, fewer structures are active, and global level of activity is lower. The amplitude of brain waves decreases after training in temporal task.,Grand average CNVs recorded over the prefrontal cortex (Fz) in a duration reproduction task (Casini, L.,& Macar, F., 1996),Casini &Macar(1996) Can the level of prefrontal activity provide an index of performance in humans. Neuroscience Letters.,Age-related difference in temporal information processing by ERP research,red for 0.6 s and blue for 3 s, with areas of overlap showing in green.,Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals, Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 15831592,Brain areas responsible for time keeping. Changes in rCBF that covaried significantly with the durations of the target being perceived by subjects were found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the posterior part of the inferior parietal cortex (IPPC), basal ganglia and posterior cingulate cortex. The results indicate that a neural network composed of the posterior inferior parietal cortex to the DLPFC plays a crucial role in the temporal monitoring process in time perception.,Temporal Perspective,Components of experiential time within the self The multidimensional nature and measurement of temporal perspective Correlates of future-orientation Changes across the life-span Disturbances of temporal perspective due to: 1. hypnosis 2. delinquency 3. mental illness,Role of Time in Autobiographical Memory,Autobiographical memory and its relationship to other memory systems The temporal organization of personal memories: 1.The use of temporal reference frames in remembering 2.Childhood amnesia Event dating: 1.Factors influencing the accuracy of event dating 2.Reconstructive processes through temporal schemas and landmarks 3.Public memories of news events Prospective memory,Time-related Individual Diffe