初二英语重要语法及知识点(上).doc

初二英语上册【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语1. on time准时 in time 及时2. best wishes 最美好的祝福3. give a talk 做演讲，报告4. for example 例如5. short for 缺少，匮乏6. a waste of time浪费时间7. go on a field trip去徒步旅行，去野外旅行8. go fishing钓鱼9. I agree我同意.10. next week下周，下个星期11. the day after tomorrow后天12. have a picnic去野炊13. have some problems doing sth.做某事有困难14. go the wrong way方法不当15. hurry up 快点16. get together一起17. in the open air在户外18. on Mid-Autumn Day中秋节19. come over过来，突然感到20. have to 不得不21. get home 回家22. agree with 同意某人23. in the country在乡下，在农村24. in town 在镇上25. all the same.是一样的26. in front of在.前面27. on the left/right side在.左/右边28. next to 紧挨着，在.旁边29. up and down上上下下，起落30. keep healthy保持身体健康31. grow up长大成人32. at the same time与此同时33. the day before yesterday前天35. last Saturday上周星期六36. half an hour ago半个小时以前37. a moment ago不久之前38. just now刚刚39. by the way顺便提一下40. all the time一直41. at first首先II. 重要句型1. have fun doing sth. 做.玩的开兴2. Why dont you?你为什么不.3. Were going to do sth.我们将要做.4. start with sth.开始做.5. Why not? 为什么不做.6. Are you going to?你将要去做.7. be friendly to sb.友好对待.8. Youd better do sth.你最好做.9. ask sb. for sth.问某人某事10. say goodbye to sb.向某人道别11. Good luck(with sb)!祝某人好运III. 交际用语1.Welcome back to school!欢迎返校2.Excuse me. Im sorry Im late, because the traffic is bad.打扰一下，很抱歉我迟到了，因为今天的交通状况实在是太糟糕了。 3.It doesnt matter.没关系，不要紧的4.Happy Teachers Day !教师节快乐5.Thats a good idea.好主意6.What are you going to do？你将要做什么？7.Where are we going ?我们要去哪儿?8.What are we going to do ? 我们将要去做什么？9.Im good at我擅长于.10.Its not far from离.不远11. Are you free tomorrow evening?你明天晚上有空吗？12.Would you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival?你和莉莉愿意来我家过中秋节吗?13.Im glad you can come.我很高兴你能过来14.Thanks for asking us.谢谢你邀请我们15.How about another one?另外一个怎么样？16.May I have a taste?我可以尝一尝吗?17.Let me walk with you.让我陪你去散散步吧。18.What do you have to do?你有什么必须要做的吗？19.Do you live on a farm?你住在农场里吗？20.Which do you like better, the city or the country?城市和农村，你更喜欢哪一个？21.Which do you like best, dogs, cats or chickens?狗，猫和鸡，你最喜欢哪一种动物？22.Shall we go at ten? Good idea!我们十点钟出发，好吗？ 好主意23.-Lets make it half past one. -OK.我们一点半去吧。-好的24.-Why not come a little earlier? -All right.为什么不早一点来呢？-好的25.Excuse me. Wheres the nearest post office, please? 请问最近的邮局在哪里？26.Its over there on the right.就在右边。27.Im sorry I dont know.很抱歉我不知道28.Youd better你最好.29.Thank you all the same.不管怎样还是要谢谢你30.Which bus do I take?我该乘那一辆公交车呢?31.Go along this road.沿着这条路直走32.What day was it yesterday?昨天是星期几？33.Im sorry to hear that.听到这消息我很难过/遗憾34.I hope youre better now.35.Why did you call me?你找我有什么事吗？36.I called to tell我打电话是想告诉你IV. 重要语法1.be going to的用法；2.形容词的比较级、最高级；3.形容词和副词的比较4.一般过去时语法详解1. 形容词和副词I. 形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII.形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级1、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。2、规则变化:(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。a)直接加er,est ：b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est：c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est：(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.3、不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身体)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的ill(身体)不舒服的many许多的(可数)more更多的；更most最多的；最much许多的(不可数)；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far远的；远地farther更远的；更远地farthest最远的；最远地further进一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。2一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)【名师讲解】1. on the street / in the street表示“在街上”时，on the street 和 in the street 都可以，在美国多用on the street, 在英国多用in the street. 例如：We have a house in the street. 我们在街上有座房子。I met him on the street. 我在街上遇见了他。2. would like / like would like 和 like含义不同。like 意思是“喜欢”，“爱好”，而 would like 意思是“想要”。试比较： I like beer.=Im fond of beer. 我喜欢喝啤酒。 Id like a glass of beer= I want a glass of beer. 我想要一杯啤酒。 Do you like going to the cinema? 你喜欢看电影吗？ Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？3. another / the other(1)another 通常用于三个或三个以上或不确定数量中的任意一个人或 物体。 例如：May I have another apple, please? 请在给我一个苹果好吗？This coat is too small for me. Please show me another这件外套我穿太小，请再给我拿一件看看。 (2)the other 通常指两者中的另一个。例如：He has two rulers. One is short. The other is long. 他有两把尺子，一把短的，另一把长的。I have two brothers. One works in Xian . The other works in Beijing. 我有两个兄弟，一个在西安工作，另一个在北京工作。4. have to /must (1)have to和 must 都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。如果某人主观上觉得必须去做而又想去时，常用must。如果谈论某种来自“外界”的义务，常用have to。例如：I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟。（自己想戒烟）They have to work for the boss.他们不得不为那个老板工作。（条件逼得他们去工作） (2)have to 可用于多种时态，must 只能用于一般现在时。例如：Ill have to get up early tomorrow morning.明天早晨我必须早早起床。We had to work long hours every day in order to get more money.为了多挣钱，我们不得不每天长时间地工作。 (3)用于否定句时，mustnt意思是“决不能”，“禁止”，而dont have to意思是“不必”，相当于neednt。例如： You mustnt be late again next time.下一次你决不能再迟到。 You dont have to go there today. You can go there tomorrow. 你今天不必到那里去了。你可以明天去。5. hear sb. or sth.doing sth. / herar sb. or sth. do sth.hear sb. or sth.doing sth.意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”，而hear sb. or sth. do sth.意思是“听到某人或某物做过某事”。试比较：I hear him singing an English song.听见他在唱英歌曲。I heard him sing an English song.我听见他唱一首英文歌。类似hear 这种用法的还有see, watch, listen, feel等感官动词。6. any /someany和some 都可以同不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式连用，但some一般用在肯定句中；any用在疑问句和否定句中。试比较：I want some money. 我想要点钱。Have you any money? 你有钱吗？I dont have any money. 我一点钱也没有。some 有时也用于疑问句，表示说话人期待一个肯定回答或鼓励人家说“是”。例如：Would you like some more beer?请你再来点啤酒好吗？Could I have some rice, please?请给我来点米饭好吗？7. hear /listen tolisten to 和hear 都有“听”的意思，但含义有所不同。Listen to强调“听”的动作，hear 强调“听”的结果。例如： Listen to me ,please! Im going to tell you a story. 请听我说！我给你们讲个故事。 Listen! Can you hear someone crying in the next room? 听！你能听见有人在隔壁房间里哭吗？ I listened, but heard nothing.我听了听，但什么也听不见。hear 后面如果接宾语从句，常常表示“听说”。例如： I hear some foreign students will visit our school.我听说一些外国学生将要访问我们学校。 I hear there is going to be a film in our school this evening.我听说今晚我们学校要演一场电影。 8. Lets /Let usLets 和Let us 都表示“让我们”, 如果us 包括听话人在内，其含义相同，附带问句用shall we. 如果us 不包括听话人在内，其含义不同，Let us的附带问句要用will you。例如： Lets go shopping, shall we? 我们去购物好吗？9. take/ bring/ carry /get这四个动词都有“拿”和“带”的意思，但含义有所不同。take意为“带走”，“拿走”，bring意为“带来”，“拿来”, get表示“到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来”，carry不强调方向，带有负重的意思。试比较：My parents often take me there on holidays.我父母常常带我到那里去度假。Im going to take you to Beijing.我准备带你去北京。Bring me a cup of tea, please.请给我端杯茶来。Ill bring the book to you tomorrow.明天我把那本书给你带来。The waiter carried the me to the table服务员把肉送到桌上。The monkey carried the bag on her back.猴子把那个包背在背上。She went back to get her handbag.他折回去拿他的手提包。Let me get the doctor.让我去请医生吧。 10. far away /faraway (1)far away是一个副词短语，意思是“很远”。例如：Some are far away. Some are nearer.有些离得很远，有些离得近一些的。The village is far away from here.那个村子离这儿很远。 (2)faraway是一个形容词，意思是“遥远的”，可以在句中作定语。例如：He lives in faraway mountain village.他住在一个遥远的小山村。11. find / look forfind和look for 都有“找”的意思，但含义不同。find 强调“找”的结果，而look for 强调“找”的过程。请看下列例句：He is looking for his bike.他在找他的自行车。Im looking for my watch, but cant find it.我在找我的手表，但是找不到。I hope you will soon find your lost ring.希望你尽快找到丢失的戒指。另外，find还有“发现”；“感到”等意思。例如：I found a wallet in the desk.我在课桌里发现了一个钱包。I find this book very interesting.我觉得这本书很有意思。12. in front of /in the front ofIn front of 表示在某物的前面，不在某物的范围内。In the front of 表示在某物的前部，在某物的范围内。试比较：My seat is in front of Marys.我的座位在玛丽座位的前面。He is sitting in the front of the car with the driver.他和司机坐在小车的前部。【考点扫描】1. be going to的用法；2. 形容词的比较级、最高级；3. 形容词和副词的比较4. 一般过去时5. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；6. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。【中考范例】1. (2004年烟台市中考试题) In the exam, the _ you are, the _ mistakes youll make. A. carefully, little B. more carefully, fewest C. more careful, fewer D. more careful, less【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是形容词和副词的比较以及他们的比较等级的用法。第一个空应填形容词careful的比较级，因为它在句中作表语，第二个空应填few的比较级，因为它修饰的是复数可数名词。2. (2004年河北省中考试题) Bob never does his homework _ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes. A. so careful B. as carefully as C. carefully D. as careful as【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是形容词和副词的用法比较。该空应填副词，因为它修饰的是动词does。该题用的是not as+副词+as的结构，所以答案应是B。3. (2004年重庆市中考试题) That day I saw some parents _ at the back of the classroom, _ to the teacher. A. sitting, listened B. sat, listened C. sitting, listening D. sat, listening【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是see sb. doing sth.的句型结构和分词作状语的用法。第一个空stting在句中作saw的宾语补足语，第二个空listening做伴随状语。4. (2004年杭州市中考试题) You _ open the door before the train gets into the station. A. dont have to B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是几个情态动词否定式的用法区别。dont have to和neednt的意思都是“不必”，may not的意思是“可以不”，只有mustnt表示“不许”，“禁止”。【满分演练】一. 单项填空1. Welcome back _school.A. in B. at C. to D. on2. Miss Gao is our new Chinese teacher _.A. in this term B. this termC. on this term D. that term3. -Im sorry Im late.-_.A. OK B. It doesnt matterC. All right D. Thank you4. Li Mu and Jill are talking _where they are going. A. about B. to C. with D. for5. There is very _food in the house.A. a few B. little C. a little D. few6. Youd better take a raincoat _you.A. to B. with C. on D. for7. The children are going to the Great Wall _a field trip.A. to B. with C. on D. for8. Im_hungry. May I have a mooncake?A. a little B. little C. a few D. few9. Im still hungry. Id like _one.A. other B. another C. an other D. the other10.The moon looks _than the sun, but in fact the sun is _than the moon.A. big; big B. bigger; bigger C. small; small D. smaller; smaller11. I can see them_football on the playground.A. play B. playing C. to play D. are playing12. Ji Wei runs_than I.A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. the fastest13. I think steamed bread is _ hamburger.A. more delicious than B. most delicious than C. more delicious to D. most delicious to14. -What are you going to do this afternoon?-_. Im free.A. To do my homework B. To clean my houseC. To do some shopping D. Nothing much15. -May I speak to Jack?-_. Whos that?A. Im Jack B. That is JackC.This is Jack speaking D. Im Jack speaking16. -Why not _ and see the play?-Good idea.A.go B. going C. to go D. goes17. Its cold outside. Please keep the door_.A. close B. closing C. closes D. closed18. My home is about two hundred metres_our school.A. from B. far from C. away D. to19. There are some apple trees _her house.A. in the front of B. at the back of C. in the middle of D. at the front of20. Which floor do you _?A. live B. live on C. live at D. live in二. 完形填空 The Xingqing Palace Park（兴庆宫公园）is _1_ park in Xian._2_ Saturdays or Sundays, children like _3_ there _4_ their parents. There they can play games. There is a lake and a hill in the park. Today is Sunday. Many children are playing in the park. Look! Some children _5_ on the lake. They are good _6_ it. Is the boat _7_ a chicken? No. It looks like a duck. Some boys are playing _8_ football on the grass(草地)。A few boys _9_the hill over there. All the children are having a good time. They think playing in the park is_10_ than having classes at school.1.A. bigger B. the biggest C. smaller D. the smaller2.A. In B. On C. At D. With3.A. walking B. going C. running D.flying4.A. with B. for C. on D. in5.A. is swimming B. is boating C. are running D. are boating6.A. In B. with C. from D. at7.A. look B. likes C. looks D. like8.A. a B. / C. an D. the 9.A. are running B. are walking C. are climbing D. are jumping10.A. little better B. much better C. many better D. the best三. 阅读理解 (A) Mark Twain is traveling to Dijon by train. He wants to sleep very much, so he asks the conductor(服务员)to wake him up when the train gets to Dijon. The he goes to sleep. Later, when wakes up, it is early the next morning and the train has got to Paris. He knows at once that the conductor doesnt wake him up at Dijon. He is very angry. He runs up to the conductor and says, “Why didnt you wake me up and put me off the train at Dijon? I am very angry about it!” The conductor smiles and looks at him, “Another American is more angry than you. But you cant see him now. I put him off the train at Dijon last night.”根据短文内容，判断下列各句的正误：正确的答“A”，错误的答“B”。1 Mark twain asks the conductor to wake him up in Paris.2 The train got to Dijon at night.3 Mark Twain was very angry with the conductor.4 The conductor made a mistake（错误）. He put another American off the train at Dijon.5 Mark Twain cant see that American because the American doesnt like him. (B)The worst tourist in the world is Nicholas Scotti of San Francisco . Once he flew from the US to his home town in Italy to see someone at home. The plane made a one-hour stop to get oil at Kennedy Airport of New York. As he thought he had arrived home, Mr Scotti got off the plane. He thought he was in Rome .When nobody was there to meet him, Mr Scotti thought maybe they were held up by heavy traffic. While looking for their addresses, Mr Scotti found that the old Rome had changed a lot. Many old buildings were replaced by high modern ones.He also found that many people spoke English instead of Italian and that many street signs were written in English.Mr Scotti knew very little English, so he asked a policeman(in Italian) the way to the bus station. He happened to meet a policeman who was also born in Italy and answered him in the same language.After twelve hours traveling round on a bus, the driver handed him over to a second policeman. He asked the policeman why the Rome police employed so many people as policemen speaking English of Italian.To get him on a plane back to San Francisco, He was sent to the airport in a police car with sirens(警报) on. Look, said Scotti to his interpreter , I know Im in Italy. Thats how they drive.1. When Mr Scotti arrived at the airport, nobody met him because _.A. he was in New York B. he was in RomeC. policemen could help him D. he was in an Italian city2. In what direction (方向) did the plane fly when Mr Scotti went to Italy from the US?A. To the east. C. To the westB. To the south. D. To the north.3. Why was Mr Scotti so sure that he was in Rome?A. Because he traveled a lot.B. Because he knew little about the US.C. Because he knew little about Italy.D. Because he didnt travel much.4. At last Mr Scotti _.A. knew he did something wrong C. knew he was wrong B