Book4重点词汇及词组(含例句等).doc

Book 4 重点词汇及词组（含例句等） Unit 11. campaignn.战役，运动 vi. 参加运动, 作战【例句】 He fought in the Japanese campaign against Russia in the last war. 在上次战役中他参加了日本对俄的战役。 That politician won the presidential election campaign and became the President. 那位政治家赢得了总统选举，成为了总统。 She spent her life campaigning for equal rights for women. 她毕生致力于妇女平等运动.【搭配】to carry on (conduct, wage ) a campaign 开展一场运动；to launch(mount, organize) a campaign 发动一场运动；an advertising campaign 宣传战；an anti-smoking campaign 禁止抽烟运动；an election campaign 竞选活动【派生】campaigner 活动家【辨析】campaign movementcampaign特指轰轰烈烈的宣传运动或是目的明确时间较短的运动；movement指“动作，运动”，多用于社会、思想等方面，如 the May 4th Movement 五四运动。2. retreatv. 撤退,隐退,向后倾 同 withdraw, fall back n. 休息寓所,撤退,隐居【例句】 The soldiers had to retreat when they were beaten in battle. 士兵们在战斗中受挫，不得不撤退。 After a weeks work, Id like to retreat to the country to relax.工作一周后，我喜欢躲到乡下去松弛一下。【搭配】retreat fromto 从撤退到；be in full retreat 被全线击退【近形】retire v. 退休，就寝；retrieve v.重新得到，取回3. stroke n. 击，打,笔画，中风，突然一阵好运 v. 抚摸【例句】 With one stroke of his ax, he had cut the tree down.他一斧子就砍倒了这棵树。 The mother stroked the babys head. 母亲抚摸着孩子的头。【搭配】a stroke of lighting 闪电的一击；heat/summer stroke 中暑；at a stroke 一下子，一举，一鼓作气；butterfly stroke 蝶泳；a stroke of luck 意外的一桩幸事【近形】strike v. 打，击，猛然攻击；strive v. 努力，奋斗，追求；strode（stride的一般过去时）大步走4. conquestn. 征服，胜利果实反 surrender 【例句】 They succeeded in the conquest of the city. 他们成功地征服了这座城市。 He is one of her many conquests. 她倾倒众生, 他是其中之一.【搭配】conquest of fear 克服恐惧【派生】conquer v. 克服，征服；conqueror n. 征服者5. efficienta. 效率高的,有能力的 反 inefficient 【例句】 Hes very efficient at his job as a secretary. 他完全胜任秘书这份工作。 The heating system has recently been modified to make it more efficient. 最近供暖设备已稍加改动以提高效率.【辨析】efficient, effectiveefficient的意思是“效率高的”，effective的意思是“有效果的，起作用的”。如：The machine is efficient. 这台机器效率高。This medicine is specially effective against heart disease. 该药对心脏病有特效。【派生】efficiency 效率【近形】sufficient 充分的，充足的6. engage vt.使忙碌, 雇佣, 预定, 使从事于, 使参加 同 busy，absorb【例句】 Our orders are to engage (the enemy) immediately. 我们的命令是立即（与敌军）开战. I have engaged a room at this hotel. 我已经在这个旅馆里预订了一个房间。 Politicians should not engage in business affairs. 政治家不应该参与商业事务。 He is engaged himself in his term paper. 他正忙于学期论文。 We engage him as technical adviser. 我们聘请他担任技术顾问。【搭配】be engaged by 为.所吸引；be engaged in 正做着, 正忙着；be engage oneself in 正做着, 正忙着；be engaged on 着手(某事), 从事(某事)；be engaged upon 着手(某事), 从事(某事)；be engaged to 同.订婚；be engaged with 正与.接洽; 正忙于, 从事；engage for 应承, 保证, 担保; 负责；engage upon开始(某种职业)；engage with 与.交战，(齿轮等)与.啮合, 搭合【派生】engagement n. 订婚，婚约，约会7. heroic adj.英雄的, 英勇的 同 bold, brave, courageous 【例句】 Saving the childs life was a heroic act. 抢救那孩子的生命是英勇的行为。 【搭配】Langya Shan Five Heroic Men 狼牙山五壮士；heroic conduct deeds 英雄行为；a heroic poem 一首英雄史诗【派生】hero n. 英雄，男主人公，男主角； heroically adv. 英勇地；heroicness n. 英雄主义【近形】heroin n. 海洛因，吗啡；女主角8. launch v. 发动，发起，开始,下水，发射，升天,汽艇 同 set going【例句】 They have launched a man-made satellite successfully. 他们成功地发射了一颗人造卫星。The lifeboat was launched immediately to rescue the four men. 立刻放下了救生船救那四个人. The bus drivers launched a strike. 公交车司机发动了一场罢工。【搭配】launch a new enterprise 创办一个新企业；launch an attack开始攻击；launch a mass production movement 开展群众性生产运动；【近形】laundry n. 洗衣店9. reckon v. 计算,总计,评估，猜想 同 calculate, believe, consider, estimate, 【例句】 Please reckon up the bill. 请把帐算一下。 I reckon there are at least fifty people in the room . 我估计房间里至少有五十个人。 They reckon the book as one of his best works.他们认为这本书是他的优秀作品之一。【搭配】reckon among 算在.之内；reckon for 对.负责; 说明理由; 考虑到, 估计到；reckon in 把.估计在内, 把.包括在内； reckon on upon 依赖, 依靠; 对.作出假设, 设想.；reckon up 把.加在一起, 合计; 口了解(某人), 对(某人的性情、脾气)作出判断reckon with 向.算帐; 向.清算，把.考虑进去; 重视 ，对付; 解决, 处理；reckon without不把.计算在内, 没估计到【近形】beckon v. 示意，召唤10. render vt. 提供, ,致使 vi. 给予补偿 【例句】 You have rendered great service. 你们帮了很大的忙。 Her fatness rendered her unable to touch her toes. 她身体肥胖，使得她够不到自己的脚趾。 【搭配】render good for evil 以德报怨；render a bill 开出帐单；render thanks to 感谢, 报答【近形】tender adj. 温柔的，嫩的Phrases and Expressions1.in the case of 至于，就而言【例句】Poverty depresses most people, in the case of my father it was otherwise. 贫困使多数人消沉，但我的父亲却并非如此，【辨析】in case 假使，以防（万一）（后接that从句）；in case of 假如，防备；a case in point 有关的事，例证；in any case 无论如何，不管怎样；in no case 决不2. stand / get/ be in the way 挡（某人）的道，妨碍（某人）【例句】His social life stands in the way of his studies. 他的社交生活妨碍了学业。【辨析】all the way 一直，完全；by way of 经由,通过的方法；give way 让路，让步，屈服；get out of ones way 特地，不怕麻烦地；in a way 在某种程度上；in no way决不；make ones way 前往，去，行进；make way 让路，腾出地方；one way or another 以某种形式；under way 在进行中；way out 出口，出路，解决之道；way of life 生活方式，行为准则3. be faced with 面对【例句】We will be faced with a situation we cant control. 我们将面对一个无法控制的局面。【辨析】face (the difficulty) 指主动面对困难；face to face 面对面；face up to 勇敢的面对；in the face of 在面前，尽管，不顾4. at the cost of 以为代价【例句】He saved that boy at the cost of his own life. 他舍身救出了那个小男孩。【辨析】at cost 按成本价；at all costs 不惜任何代价5. bring to a halt 使停下同 bring to a stop【例句】The car was brought to a halt. 汽车突然停下。【辨析】come to a halt 表示停下，用于主动语态。如：The car came to a halt.Unit 21. convertv. 使转变,使.改变信仰,倒置 同 change, transform【例句】 Coal can be converted to gas. 煤可以转化成煤气。My mother has converted to Buddhism. 我母亲已转而信仰佛教。【派生】conversion n. 转变，转化【搭配】convert from A to B 从A转变为B。【近形】convent n. 女修道院；converge v. 聚集，集中；converse v. 交谈，谈心 adj. 相反的【辨析】shift, convert, alter, transformShift指位置或方向的移动、改变；指由一种形式或用途改变为另一种形式或用途；alter最普通的用法是表示改变衣服，使之合身，另外alter还可表示性格和态度的改变；transform指外貌、性格或性质的彻底改变。2. eliminatev. 淘汰，除去,排除,剔除 同 dispose of, get rid of, remove 【例句】 Can the government eliminate poverty? 政府能消除贫穷吗？Their team was eliminated in the first round. 他们队在第一轮就被淘汰了。【搭配】eliminatefrom把从淘汰出去；eliminate the false and retain the true 去伪存真【派生】elimination n. 淘汰【近形】emigrate v. 移居国外3. manufacture vt. 捏造，虚构；制造, 加工 n.制造, 制造业, 产品 【例句】 This firm manufactures cars. 这家公司大量生产汽车。 She manufactured an excuse to hide the facts.她胡乱编个理由以掩盖事实.【搭配】manufacture from用制造；manufacture into制造加工成【派生】manufacturer n. 制造商【辨析】manufacture, make , produce(大全 P48)4. hazardv. 尝试提出/做，冒的风险n. 冒险,危险,危害 同 risk, venture 【例句】 His life was full of hazards. 他的一生是充满着冒险的一生。 Wet roads are a hazard to drivers. 道路湿滑会对司机构成危险. As to the author of this book, I will hazard a guess. 关于本书作者，我来试猜一下。【搭配】at all hazards 不顾一切风险; 在任何情况下；at hazard 胡乱地, 随便地; 瞎碰地; 侥幸地; 毫无计划地；make a hazard 猜测; 碰碰运气；on the hazard 在危险中; 受到威胁；run the hazard 冒险【派生】hazardous adj. 有危险的【近形】haze n. 烟雾，懵懂；hatred n. 憎恶，憎恨【辨析】hazard, threat, risk大全 p505. expansionn. 扩大,膨胀 同 反contraction 缩小【例句】 Metals undergo expansion when heated. 金属加热时会膨胀。 The time has come for the firm to consolidate after several years of rapid expansion. 公司经过几年的迅速发展之後, 该整顿一下了.【搭配】territorial expansion领土扩张；arms expansion 军备扩充；expansion of output扩大产量；the expansion of knowledge 知识的扩大【派生】expand v. 膨胀的，扩张的；expansive a. 易扩张的6. alert a. 警觉的,灵敏的,留心的提防的, 警惕的 【构词】al(全部)+ -ert(活动)全部活动起来警戒的【例句】 The troops were placed on full alert. 部队处於全面戒备状态. Although hes over eighty his mind is still remarkably alert. 他虽已年过八十，但头脑仍然十分机敏。【搭配】be on the alert 注意; 提防; 警戒; put on the alert (军队)处于戒备状态；red alert 紧急警报; 紧急戒备；white alert 解除警报；alert to do 留心做；yellow alert 预备警报；blue alert 台风警报【派生】alertly ad. 警惕地；alertness n. 警惕，机警7. bunch n. 一串,一束 v. 使捆成束,挤成一群 同 bold, brave, courageous 【构词】boundary = bound (捆，束)+ -ary (表示地点) 捆扎，约束线 分界线，边界【例句】 She received a bunch of red roses on my birthday. 生日那天，我收到一束红玫瑰。 What a bunch of headache! 真够伤脑筋的！ 【搭配】a bunch of fives 俚拳头, 手；the best of the bunch 精华, 一批或一群中的最佳者；bunch up/together 使成一束；be bunched into groups 分成几组【近形】bundle n. 捆，扎，包8. decrease n & v. 减少 反 increase【例句】 They are making further efforts to decrease military spending. 他们正在做进一步的努力来减少军费开支。There has been a steady decrease in population in this city.这个城市的人口在持续下降。 Is crime on the decrease? 犯罪案件是否在减少? Unemployment increases as production decreases. 生产减少，失业随之增加。【搭配】on decrease 在减少中9. frequency n.频率, 周率, 发生次数 【例句】 Accidents on that highway are happening with increasing frequency. 那条高速公路上车祸发生得越来越频繁。【搭配】a frequency of three times a week 每周三次的频率【派生】frequent a. 频繁的 frequently ad. 频繁地10. magnetic adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的 同 attractive, drawing【例句】 The loop becomes magnetic when the current is switched on.通电时线圈就会有磁性。 She has a magnetic personality. 她具有极具吸引力的性格。【搭配】a magnetic virtue 具有魅力的美德；nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振；magnetic floating globe 磁悬浮球体 【派生】magnetically adv. 磁性地；magnetism 磁力，吸引力11. mount n.& V. 【例句】 The climbers mounted higher and higher. 攀登者越爬越高. He mounted the boy on the horse. 他把孩子抱上马.【搭配】mount a horse 上马；mount the steps 登上台阶；mount a play 上演剧本；mount A on B 把A装在B上 【近形】mound n. 土墩，沙土堆12. vibrate v. (使)振动,(使)摇摆 同 shake, tremble【例句】 The whole house vibrates whenever a heavy lorry passes. 重型卡车一经过，整所房子都震动起来。 His voice vibrated with passion. 他激动得声音发颤。 【搭配】vibrate with excitement 心情激动【派生】vibration n. 颤动；vibrating a. 震动的【近形】violate v. 违反，违背，亵渎，侵犯【辨析】fluctuate, wave, swing, vibrate大全p5113. approximate a. 大约的,近似的【例句】 This is just an approximate figure. 这仅仅是个大概数字。 Your guess only approximates to the facts.你的猜测仅仅是接近事实。 【派生】approximately ad. 大致，大约；approximation n. 约数，大致估计Phrases and Expressions1. in the air 流传中，在空中【例句】 A bird flying in the air. 一只鸟正在空中飞翔。 The date of the party is still in the air. 聚会的日期尚未确定。【辨析】clear the air 消除误会；off the air 停播；on the air 广播；up in the air 悬而未决的2. start up 开动，发动；创办【例句】 Shes just started up a new company; I hope she makes a success of it. 她新开办了一家公司，我希望她取得成功。 At six oclock the motor started up. 6点钟时马达开动起来。【辨析】start off 出发，动身，开始从事；start on 开始进行，着手处理；3.get/be in stuck in 停留，被阻塞【例句】I was late because I was stuck in the traffic. 我迟到是因为我被堵在路上了。【辨析】stick around 等在旁边，留下等待；stick at 继续努力做，坚持干； stick by 忠于，坚持，维护；stick out 坚持到底，突出，显眼；stick out for 坚持要求；stick to 粘贴在.上，紧跟，坚持，忠于；stick together 团结一致，互相支持；stick up for 支持，为.辩护；stick with 紧随，继续从事4.send out 发送出，派遣【例句】A notice has been sent out ot all employees. 已向全体员工发出通知。5.take control of 掌握，控制，支配【例句】John took control of the business aster his father died. 约翰在父亲去世后接管了生意。【辨析】under control 得到控制6.as well 也，又，同样地，【例句】He is eloquent and humorous as well. 他口才好又幽默。Unit 31. applicantn.申请人同 candidate【例句】As the wages were low, there were few applicants for the job. 因为工资低，没有什么人申请这份工作。【派生】apply v. 申请 application n. 申请 applicable a. 可应用的，可实施的【搭配】an acceptable applicant 令人满意的申请人2. interviewn. 面谈,访问,接见 v. 接见,会谈【构词】inter-(between 在.之间)+ view(see 看)-彼此看见-接见【例句】 As he had nothing to tell, he refused to give any interviews to the journalists.他由于无可奉告，拒绝了记者采访。 All the applicants were interviewed one by one.所有的申请者一个接着一个参加面试。【搭配】a job interview 招聘面试；give/grant an interview to sb. 接见某人【派生】interviewer n. 接见者，面试官；interviewee n. 被接见者，被面谈者3. employment n. 工作,职业,雇用,使用 反 unemployment【例句】 He is out of employment.他失业了。 The expansion of the factory will mean the employment of sixty extra workers.工厂的扩展意味著将增雇六十名工人.【搭配】be in employment 有工作, 有职业；be out of employment 解雇, 失业；get/seek/obtain employment 找到工作, 就业；lose employment 失业；take sb. into employment雇用某人；throw sb. out of employment解雇某人, 使某人失业；the employment of modern machines 现代机械的使用【派生】employ v. 雇佣，使用；employee n. 雇员；employer n. 雇主4. physicala. 身体的,物理的,物质的 n. 体检【例句】 Its a physical impossibility to be in two places at one time. 同时在两地是自然规律上不可能的事。 Im not a great believer in taking regular physical exercise.我对经常锻炼身体的好处有点怀疑。【搭配】the physical world 物质世界；physical changes 物理变化【派生】physically ad. 身体上的，实际地【近形】physics n. 物理； physicist n. 物理学家5. structuren. 结构,构造,建筑物v. 构成,建立,建造【例句】Can you analyze the structure of the sentence for me? 你能给我分析一下这个句子的结构吗？ You need to structure your arguments more carefully.你需要更为仔细地组织自己的论点。【派生】structural a. 建筑上的，结构上的；structured a. 有结构的，有组织的efficient的意思是“效率高的”，effective的意思是“有效果的，起作用的”。如：The machine is efficient. 这台机器效率高。This medicine is specially effective against heart disease. 该药对心脏病有特效。6. chuckle n. 吃吃的笑声,轻笑 v. 吃吃的笑【例句】 He chuckled at the funny story. 他听了这个滑稽故事后轻声地笑了。 She gave a chuckle of delight.她高兴得笑出声来. 【辨析】smile 微笑；grin 露齿而笑；guffaw 捧腹大笑；giggle 咯咯地笑；sneer 轻蔑的笑7. deadline n. 最后期限【例句】 The boss will really give it to you if you miss the deadline for the job.要是到期完不成工作，老板就要给你点厉害。 Can you meet the deadline? 你能在最后期限之前完成吗？【近形】deadlock n. 僵局，相持不下8. identifyvt. 识别, 鉴别, 把.和.看成一样【构词】ident(注意，想法)+-ify(动词后缀)-确认想法-认出，识别【例句】 I cannot identify this signature. 我不能够辨别出这个签名。 One cannot identify happiness with wealth. 幸福和财富不能混为一谈.【搭配】identify oneself with 支持; 参与; 与.密切结合; 和.打成一片；identify handwriting 辨认笔迹；identify oneself as 自称为9. generous a. 慷慨的,宽宏大量的 【例句】 He is generous with his money. 他花钱大方。 【派生】generously ad. 慷慨地，大方地；generosity n. 慷慨 【近形】generate v. 产生，发生；genius n.天资，天才；general a. 总体的10. sparkle n. 闪耀,火花 v. 闪耀,冒火花 【例句】 he had a sparkle in his eye.他的眼睛里闪耀着光彩。 Her diamonds sparkled in the candle-light.她的钻石在烛光中闪闪发亮. His wit sparkles. 他才华横溢。【搭配】sparkle with 因.而闪光，而山腰（某种表情）【派生】sparkling a. 闪闪发光的，闪烁的；sparkler n. 闪闪发光的东西，才华出众者；spark n. 火花【近形】sprinkle v.散布，撒落；startle v. 使吃惊Phrases and Expressions1. follow up 追究，追查，对.采取进一步行动【例句】 The police have been following up the case. 警方一直在追查这一案件。 The salesman usually follow up a letter with a visit.推销员往往在写了信之后又上门拜访。【辨析】follow after 追求，争取；follow on 继续下去；follow the fashion 赶时髦；as follows 如下2.go after 追逐，追求【例句】He is going after that pretty girl. 他在追求那个漂亮的女孩子。【辨析】be after 追赶，寻找；chase after 追赶，追逐；in pursuit of 追求，追寻；go in for 参加，追求，从事3.make a difference 有影响，起作用【例句】Money makes no difference to her. 钱对她不起作用。4.in the neighborhood of 在.附近，大约【例句】He is looking for a car in the neighborhood of 100,000 yuan.他非常希望买一辆大约10万元左右的车。5.in sbs hads 在某人掌握中，在某人控制下【例句】All the relevant facts are in my hands. 我掌握了所有的相关证据。【辨析】at hand 手头，在附近；by hand 用手，用体力；change hands 转手；hand down 把.传下去；hand in 上交，递交；hand in hand 手拉手；hand out 分发，散布；have ones hands full 忙得腾不出手来；lend sb a hand 协助某人；on one hand.on the other hand 一方面.另一方面；out of hand 无法控制，马上，立刻；take a hand in 参与，介入；wash ones hand of .对.不再负责任，洗手不干Unit 41. debtn. 债务【例句】 If I pay all my debts I shall have no money left. 如果我偿清了所有的债，我就一分钱不剩了。 You saved my life: I am forever in your debt.你救了我的命: 我永远感恩不尽. Out of debt, out of danger.谚无债一身轻。【派生】debtor n. 债务人；indebted a. 负债的，受惠的【搭配】be in debt to 欠债，欠情；run into debt 欠债；in sbs debt 欠某人的人情；debt crisis 债务危机；deep in debt 负债累累；2. characteristica. 特有的,典型的 n. 特性,特征,特色【构词】character + -istic(形容词后缀)-特有的，典型的 【例句】 Sympathy is the feeling characteristic of mankind. 同情心是人类特有的感情。 What characteristics distinguish the Americans from the Canadians? 美国人和加拿大人的特征有什么不同?【搭配】a characteristic of a successful man 成功人士的特征；with his characteristic enthusiasm 以他特有的热忱；A is characteristic of B A是B的特征【派生】characterize v. 表现.的特色, 刻画的.性格【辨析】character， characteristiccharacter指的是一个人整体的“性格”，一般由多个characteristic(特征，特色)组成。3. historicala. 历史的【例句】 We have no historical evidence for it.我们缺乏可以证明这一点的史学根据. People wore historical costumes for the parade.人们穿著古装参加游行.【搭配】historical materialism 历史唯物主义；historical school 历史学派【派生】history n. 历史【辨析】historical, historichistorical 指的是“历史上存在或发生过的”，而historic指的是“历史上有名的，有历史意义的”4. destructiveadj. 破坏性的; 毁害的【构词】de-(down 向下) + struc (to build 建造) + -ive(形容词后缀)-使建筑物倒下-破坏性的 【例句】 Such a habit is destructive to the morals of youth. 这样的习惯有害于青年的品德。 The destructive force of the storm is huge. 暴风雨的破坏力是巨大的。【搭配】a destructive fire 破坏性的大火；be destructive of 对.有破坏作用；destructive bird 害鸟【派生】destruction n. 摧毁，毁灭；destroy v. 破坏【近形】disruptive a. 捣乱的；distinctive a. 特殊的，特色的5. plurala. 复数的【例句】 The Mormons religion is singular, and his wives are plural. 摩门教信徒的宗教信仰是独一无二的，而他可以拥有三妻四妾。 The plural form of child is children. child的复数形式是children。【搭配】plural form 复数形式；a plural noun 复数名词【派生】pluralize v. 使成复数；pluralist n. 多元主义者；pluralism n. 多元论，多元主义6. discourage vt. 使气馁, 阻碍 反 encourage【构词】dis-(to deprive of 剥夺) + courage (勇气)-剥夺勇气-使泄气【例句】 Parents should discourage smoking./Parents should discourage their children from smoking. 做父母的应该设法阻止子女吸烟. Dont let one failure discourage you. 不要因一次失败而气馁。【搭配】discourage sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事；be discouraged by difficulty 因困难而泄气【派生】discouraging a. 令人泄气的；discouraged a. 沮丧的；discouragement n. 挫折【近形】encourage sb to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事7. offend v. 犯罪,冒犯,违反【构词】of-(against) + fend(打击)-对着打-冒犯，得罪【例句】 I didnt mean to offend you. 我不是故意冒犯你。 Some criminals are likely to offend again when they are released.有些罪犯被释放后有可能重新犯罪。 【搭配】be offended with sb for 因.而生某人的气；be offended at sbs words 对某人的话感到生气；offend against custom 违反习惯；offend the ear 刺耳【派生】offensive a.冒犯的，无礼的，使人不悦的，进攻的【近形】defend v. 包围，为.辩护8. submergev. 浸没, 淹没, 掩没 反 emerge 出现 【构词】sub-(在下) + merge(沉没)-使沉下去【例句】 The submarine submerged to avoid enemy ships.该潜艇潜入水下以躲避敌舰. His talent was submerged by his shyness.他的才华为其羞怯所遮覆。【搭配】submerge hands in hot water 把手浸在热水中； be submerged in history 为历史所淹没【派生】submergence n. 浸没，淹没；submersion n. 淹没9. essentialadj. 本质的, 实质的, 基本的, 提炼的, 精华的 n.本质, 实质, 要素, 要点【例句】 Food is essential to life. 食物是维持生命不可或缺的。 What is the essential difference between these two economic systems? 这两种经济体制的本质区别是什么? Her most essential quality is kindn