西安电子科技大学研究生科技英语PPT.ppt

technical english reading & writing,2019/4/7,2,background information course introduction textbooks teaching arrangements assessments,2019/4/7,3,background meeting the needs,english is the common language of the international technical professions. business people working in the technical sectors are increasingly required to have a working knowledge of technical english. most of the worlds technical literature is printed in english.,2019/4/7,4,the danger of not publishing in english is that worthwhile results will be ignored because they are not accessible to many main stream scientists. the 1930s german smoking lung cancer the 1960s,2019/4/7,5,surveys from engineering employers: engineering graduates have proficient technical skills, but their communication and interpersonal skills are lacking. society of manufacturing engineers education foundation(2007) list of “significant competency gaps among newly hired engineering graduates”: written communication and oral communication.,2019/4/7,6,potential authors and presenters with limited skills in english are unable to participate in conferences and publications. disputes about paper quality among authors, reviewers and editors sometimes evolve around proper english.,2019/4/7,7,concept technical english,general english (ge),technical english (te),english for special purpose (esp),2019/4/7,8,the direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small. sales of beef tumbled by a third in france, spain, the netherlands and belgium. one very dark night i directed thus on their way two young men who had been fishing in the pond.,2019/4/7,9,scope of technical english,scientific paper experimental report / instruction manuals periodic/ progress reports technical proposal description of and explanation for natural phenomena,2019/4/7,10,some properties of technical english,high semantic density short sentences, domain-specific vocabulary, simple and direct structures a desire to be neutral and objective impersonal formspassive voice is commonplace the pronoun “i” and “we” are rarely used rhetorical expressions, metaphors, colloquial expressions are avoided,2019/4/7,11,but even though the copernican theory greatly simplified the ptolemaic theory by eliminating the large epicycles(本轮) that were really the result of the earths own motion, neither the theory predicted the exact positions of the planets at all times. the error in both theories was often as much as two degrees. 然而，即便哥白尼的理论通过消除实际上是由地球自身运动所引起的大本轮而大大地简化了托勒密的理论，两种理论均不能预测出这些行星在所有时间的精确位置。这两种理论之间的误差通常高达两度。,2019/4/7,12,nor does the story end here, for later and much more accurate observations, with telescopes, showed that the orbit of mercury precessed (产生进动) by 43 seconds of arc per century more than could be accounted for by perturbations(摄动) of the other planets. 故事到此并未结束。因为日后以及用望远镜等进行的更为精确的观察表明，水星的轨道每世纪进动43弧秒，这是其它行星的摄动所不能解释的。,2019/4/7,13,technical english trend,the structure of technical english has become less flexible over time, to accommodate limited space for papers the needs for rigor access by non-native speakers of english increasingly technical english has become less erudite, the dominant trend is to simplify.,2019/4/7,14,秦荻辉编著， 科技英语写作高级教程，西安电子科技大学出版社，2011. 秦荻辉编著， 精选科技英语阅读教程，西安电子科技大学出版社，2008.,course introductiontextbooks,2019/4/7,15,understand long sentences correctly and translate them properly grasp the main idea, points and even the details,improve vocabulary and grammatical accuracy produce well-organized abstract,course objectives,2019/4/7,16,course assessments,writing 60% individual sentence writing paragraph writing mistake correction reading 40% questions translation summary writing,2019/4/7,17,scores,2019/4/7,18,exercises,这个信号包含的信息比那个信号多三倍. 我们所说的接收机是能够接受无线电波的一种设备。 这所大学与十年前大不一样了。 晶体管与电子管相比有许多优点。 计算机由于运算准确、速度快而得到了广泛的应用。 输出随输入的变化情况示于图2中。,2019/4/7,19,work equals to force multiplying distance. air exerts the pressure toward every direction. i and my colleagues would like to express our thank to professor wang for his great help. this device takes too many places.,2019/4/7,20,实验结果 experiment results experimental results 理论分析 theory analysis theoretical analysis 中期报告 middle report interim report,2019/4/7,21,study on customer value model and its influence to enterprise value 客户价值模型及对企业价值影响的研究 the empirical research on the effect of stock volatility by close-end funds 封闭式基金对股价波动影响的实证分析,2019/4/7,22,speeding the pace of development of the high_new_tech industry 加快高新技术产业发展步伐 develop circulation economy is our country solve energy crisis necessarily from it road 发展循环经济是我国解决能源危机的必由之路,2019/4/7,23,however, most countries in the asian area are developing countries that means company can maintain its decision about price. the good news is hp controls the primary market share. also the consumer inertia is another element can guarantee the company has the right of control.,2019/4/7,24,磁铁能吸引铁质物质，这是大家所熟悉的一种现象。 magnets attract iron material, and this is a phenomenon which is familiar to all. magnets attract iron materials, a familiar phenomenon. 把它们从电路中去掉的话，就可以节省许多费用。 if they are eliminated from the circuit, considerable savings can be obtained. their elimination from the circuit results in considerable savings.,2019/4/7,25,i hear and i forget i see and i remember i do and i understand confucius,individual sentence writing,2019/4/7,27,必须使用定冠词的情况 由普通名词构成的国家或机构名称前 the china travel service 人名修饰名词前 the maxwell expressions 单位名称前 the unit of resistance is the ohm. 带有同位语的参数前 the variable s “same”前 these two names are the same in meaning.,articles,2019/4/7,28,可以省略冠词的情况 书籍和论文的各级标题中 (an) introduction to computers 图示说明中 fig. 2-1 (the) block diagram of (a) typical digital computer. 人名的所有格前 this section discusses newtons laws of motion. 方程，章节，页码等后面跟有数字表示 “第” the key to exercise 1 appears on page 8.,2019/4/7,29,在定义中 by frequency is meant the number of times something repeats itself per second. 对方程或表达式中的参数说明时 s=vt, where s=distance, v=velocity, and t=time. 可数名词单数形式泛指时 fig. 1-5 shows the variation of output with input.,2019/4/7,30,a thorough understanding of algebra is essential to the comprehension of any of the fields of elementary mathematics. 想要理解基础数学中的任何一个领域，就必须对代数有一个全面的了解。 the paper commences with an examination of the growth of international telecommunication requirements and the potential of communications via satellites to meet this growth. 本文首先研究了国际电信需求的发展以及通过卫星通信来满足该发展的潜力。,2019/4/7,31,a special use of the indefinite articles to express the idea “比较一下”，“计算一下”“了解一下”，“作一描述，比较，分析，研究，讨论” before some abstract uncountable nouns. we shall start with a study of forces. 我们将首先研究一下力。 the laplace transforms for various time functions are readily obtainable through a direct application of eq.(2.5). 各种时函数的拉氏变换可以很容易地直接通过运用2.5式得到。 为此，必须对电路的基本内容有一个很好的了解。 for this purpose, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the fundamentals of the circuit.,2019/4/7,32,they do not know if this material could stand a so large force or not. 他们不知道该材料是否能承受如此大的一个力。 too low a frequency may actually introduce spurious frequency components. even so fundamental a dimension as time was measured extremely crudely with sand and water clocks hundreds of years ago.,whether,so large a force,2019/4/7,33,special positions of articles too so asas + adj. + a (an)+ n. how 输入信号太大会引起非线性失真。 nonlinear distortion can be caused by too large an input signal. 这台仪器是如此的灵敏以至于能测出压力的微弱变化。 this is so sensitive an instrument that it can measure the slight change in pressure. 锡的熔点没有铅高。 tin does not have as high a melting point as lead (does).,2019/4/7,34,i saw boys at the cinema. a the both b many a c both the d the several he has been staying at home days. a these all last few b these last few all c all these last few d these last all few candidates are girls. a half the b the half c their half d half a all both + the + n. half,2019/4/7,35,fill in the blanks with articles and translate sentences into chinese.,there has been ever greater interest in this subject. 人们对该课题的兴趣越来越浓。 its primary disadvantage is increase in noise. 其主要的缺点是噪声的增加。,an,an,2019/4/7,36,we should use 18 volt battery here. 我们应该使用一个18伏的电池。 it is necessary to use s-shaped tube here. 在这里必须使用一根s形管。 this is r-bit transformer. 这是一个r位的变换器。 xor gate must be used here. 这里必须使用一个 “异”或门电路。 xor= =exclusive or“异”或(逻辑运算),an,an,an,an,2019/4/7,37,if voltage is applied across circuit, electric current will flow in circuit. 如果在电路的两端加上电压，就会有电流在电路中流动。 machine is device for transmitting force to accomplish definite purpose. 机器是通过力的传递来完成某一确定目的的设备。 study of fluids in motion is one of more difficult branches of mechanics because of diversity of phenomena that may occur. 研究处于运动中的流体是力学中较为困难的分支之一，因为可能出现的现象是多种多样的。,a,an,the,a,a,a,a,the,the,the,2019/4/7,38,the power rating（额定功率） is the maximum power the resistor can safely dissipate（消散） without too great rise in temperature. 功率额定值是电阻器能够安全地消耗而又不引起温度升高太多的最大功率。 successful design of the equipment requires detailed knowledge of the performance specifications. 成功设计此设备需要详细地了解性能指标。,a,the,a,2019/4/7,39,in bohr model of the hydrogen atom, single electron revolves around single proton in a circle of radius r. 在氢原子的波尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子作半径为r的圆周运动。 the unit of frequency is hertz. 频率的单位是赫兹。 it is easy to determine value of parameter . 我们容易确定参数的值。,the,the,the,the,a,a,2019/4/7,40,the authors work at university of texas at arlington. 作者在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学工作。 hydraulic press （水压机）will be considered in chapter 14. 水压机将在第14章中涉及。 fig. 5-1 shows oersteds experiment. 图5-1 画出了奥斯特的实验。 by eq. (2-1) we have following relation. 根据式2-1，我们得到下面的关系式。,the,the,the,/,/,/,/,2019/4/7,41,conjunctions,除非另有说明，我们假设使用的是硅管且i 可以忽略不计。 unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and i can be neglected. 并列从句中的引导词不可省略。 suppose that the field at each charge has the direction of the vector e but that it is not uniform. 假设每个电荷处的电场具有矢量e的方向，但并不是均匀的。,and that i can be neglected,2019/4/7,42,这个电路的优点是结构简单、易于调整。 this circuit has the advantage of simple in structure, easy to adjust. 并列最后两项间需加连词。 the message is a logical unit of user data, control data, or both. 信息是用户数据或控制数据或二者兼而有之的一种逻辑单位。,the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment,2019/4/7,43,第6、7、8章论述人们所说的电脑。 chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with what is called electronic brain. 假设线圈(coil)中的损耗为零, c=500 微法，波纹( ripple) 为20%。 assume that losses in the coil are zero, that c=500f, and that the ripple is 20 percent. 普通的变压器( transformer)并不是理想的，因而在其中会发生功率损耗。 ordinary transformers are not ideal, and therefore power losses occur in them. and therefore / hence/ thus / however ; therefore / hence/ thus / however . therefore / hence / thus / however,2019/4/7,44,numerals,scientists have carefully measured the way objects fall and the way they respond to both inertia and gravitation. it seems the two are indeed the same, to about one part in a trillion. 科学家们仔细地测量了物体的下落方式以及物体对于惯性和万有引力的反应方式。似乎两种质量确实相等，连万亿分之一位都相同。 the standard meter is accurate to about two parts in one billion. 标准米的精度约为十亿分之二。,2019/4/7,45,它们在这种情况下的差别为百万分之十三。 their difference in this case is 13 parts in a million. they differ in this case by 13 parts in a million.,基数词 + part (s) (per / in a + 数词) / (in + 数字),special ways used in science,a/ an +序数词 + part (per / in a + 数词) / (in + 数字),2019/4/7,46,why do the effects of gravitation bulk so large in the universe? because the strong force and the weak force have a very short range. their strength falls off so rapidly with distance that they simply cannot be felt at distances of a trillionth of an inch. they can be felt only inside the nucleus. 这两种力随着距离的增大而迅速地减小以至于在万亿分之一英寸那么短的距离内都感觉不到它们的存在。,2019/4/7,47,way to express “零点几，零点零几”,a few/ several of a/an+ unit tenths/ hundredths/ thousandths,该电容器(capacitor)上的电压为零点零几伏。,该电阻的电流为零点零零几安培。,the voltage across the capacitor is a few hundredths of a volt.,the current through the resistor is several thousandths of an ampere.,2019/4/7,48,when two protons are placed in contact, the strong force pulls them together while the electromagnetic force pushes them apart. however, the strong force is about a thousand times as strong as the electromagnetic force, so the protons remain together and atomic nuclei can exist. 然而，强作用力的大小约是电磁力的1000倍。 this wire is four times thicker than that one. 这根导线比那根粗三倍。,n times +比较级 = n times as + 原级 + as,2019/4/7,49,这个信号包含的信息比那个信号多三倍。 this signal contains four times as much information as that one (does). this signal contains four times more information than that one (does). this computer stores information four times as much as that of that one. 中国有数倍于法国那么大的面积。 china has several times as large an area as france. china has an area several times as large as that of france.,2019/4/7,50,the force provided by two parallel rubber bands is twice that provided by one rubber band. 两根平行的橡皮筋所提供的力为一根橡皮筋的两倍。 at this point, the current in the branch is ten times what it was. 这时该支路中的电流为原来的10倍。 there are 1.5 billion cell phones in the world today, more than three times the number of pcs. 今天全球的手机有15亿部是pc数量的三倍还不止。,2019/4/7,51,the area of a triangle equals half the product of its base and height. 三角形的面积等于它的底和高乘积的二分之一。 the surface gravitation on the moon is only one sixth that on the earth. 月球的表面引力只相当于地球的六分之一。 the grain output of last year in our province was 20over that of 1990. 我们省去年 的粮食产量比1990年增加20。,2019/4/7,52,这个平均速度是末速度的一半。 this average velocity is half the final velocity. 现在其内部的压力是原来的1/3。 now its internal pressure is one third what it was. 月球的质量为地球的1/81。 the mass of the moon is 1/81 that of the earth.,numerals as pre-modifier,倍数 the +名词 分数 + that + 后置定语 百分数 what 从句,2019/4/7,53,now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers. 目前，电脑组成部分之一的集成电路已经被缩小了好几倍，因而创造出了新一代的便携式微型电脑。 现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。,2019/4/7,54,prepositions,the best solution kepler found disagreed with observations by only eight minutes of arc. the four forces are unequal in strength. mass also resists change in motion. their strength falls off so slowly with distance that they can be felt over many light years. whats more, even though it is so weak, it increases with the quantity of matter the “mass” in a body.,2019/4/7,55,this book is to electronic engineers.(极有帮助) , chapter 3 is the most important. (在前四章中) this problem can be solved . （很容易地） in this case, current leads voltage . (90) , there is no solution to the equation. (若x0) these waves travel only . (只朝一个方向),of great help,of the first four chapters,with great ease,by 90 ,for x0,in one direction,2019/4/7,56,now it is necessary for us to solve this equation (求出那个未知数) , it is found that v is equal to the velocity of light . (把这些值代入后) , physicists define electric field intensity. (在研究电学时) this buffer can supply an output drive current . (4ma) we describe interaction among charges .(借助于电场这一概念),for the unknown.,upon substitution of these values,in studying electricity,of 4 ma,with the help of the concept of electric field,2019/4/7,57,电压是用伏特来度量的。 voltage is measured with volt. 他们将赴北京参加一个移动通讯国际会议。 they will leave to beijing to attend a international conference of mobile communications. 该实验是从八点钟开始的。 the experiment began from eight oclock.,in volts,for, an, on,at,2019/4/7,58,这台计算机的体积很小。 this computer is small in size. 这口井深40米。 this well is 40 meters in depth (deep). 半导体的导电率随温度而变化。 the conductivity of a semiconductor varies with temperature. 这个参数可以迅速地测得。 this parameter can be measured with rapidity.,2019/4/7,59,通过分析这台设备的参数，我们可以了解它的性能。 by analyzing the parameters of this device, we can understand its performance. 这是这个等式能够成立的一个必要条件。 this is a necessary condition for this equality.,2019/4/7,60,若给定返回函数是凸的且海赛行列式为正，那么该内点是最小值而不是最大值。 the interior point is a minimum rather than a maximum, given that the return functions are convex, and the hessian determinant is positive. 图1、2、3显示了这个过程。 fig. 1, 2, 3 draw this process. 对于进一步的信息，参见文献3、5、9。 for further informations, consult references 3, 5, 9.,and that,figs. 1,2,and 3,show,information,2019/4/7,61,我们提出了一种基于牛顿迭代法的数值方法。 we propose a kind of numerical method based on the newtons iterative method. 最后，用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器。 at last, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed in this method.,a numerical method,finally,a transformer,by,they won in the end / finally / at last. finally turn off the lights and lock the door.,2019/4/7,62,该电阻上的电压为零点几伏特。 the voltage on the resistor is zero point several volt. 铜的导电率比铁高。 the conductivity of copper is higher than iron. 本文提出了雷达目标的一种新的识别方法。 a new kind of recognition method of radar target is presented.,across,several tenths of a volt,that of iron,a new method,for recognizing radar targets,2019/4/7,63,at last, we can come to a conclusion that hebei is a large steel province but not a strong one, and in order to enhance the steel competitiveness, we can draw some lessons from jiangsu and shanghai which is similar with hebei in the developing path of iron & steel.,2019/4/7,64,classification complementation linking subject complement intransitive _ monotransitive direct object ditransitive indirect object, direct object complex transitive direct object, object complement,verbs,2019/4/7,65,primary auxiliaries: be, do, have modal auxiliaries,be able to, be sure to, have to, seem to,2019/4/7,66,a book lies stationary on a table. my head aches. ive sent him some money. the growth potential of automatic control appears unlimited. we considered him very capable. in everyday life, forces seem to be transmitted only by “direct contact.” smell this