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1、 这个世界上没有真正的笨人,只有自以为聪明的人。(There is no real fool in this world but those arrogant.)2、天下大事,唯敢想敢做者为之。(Only those tried succeed.)1、 英语入门常识(各词通识)1、词性代号:名词n., 可数名词cn.,不可数名词un;动词v.,情态动词modal.,及物动词vt.,不及物动词vi.;形容词adj.;副词adv;介词prep.;代词pron.;冠词article.;连词conj.2、(1)n分为un和cn,常做主语、宾语、表语、定语; (2)un不可数,液体、乱作一团(如头发、大米)数不清; (3)cn可数,分单数和复数,只有“一”是单数,其他都是复数,如0.06,1.2等,cn单数变复数分规则和不规则两类:1、规则的加“s”,“s”的加法如下:(1)一般情况下直接+s;(2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾的可数名词加“es”;(3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,把“y”改为“i”再加“es”(元音:a,e,i,o,u)。2、不规则的:(1)人们people,绵羊sheep,鱼fish,警察police,中国人Chinese,日本人Japanese-不变;(2)西红柿tomato,土豆potato,英雄hero-加“es”;(3)牙齿tooth,脚foot,(天)鹅goose-“oo”改为“ee”;(4)孩子child/children,公牛ox/oxen,老鼠mouse/mice;(5) 男人man,女人woman,男警察policeman,女警察policewoman,男主席chairman,女主席chairwoman-“a”改为“e”;(6)贼thief的妻子wife用树叶leaf做刀knife杀死了狼wolf,精灵life支起架子shelf烤面包loaf-f改为v再加es,以e结尾的把f改为v再加s。3、 动词v分为助动词、be动词、系动词、使役动词、情态动词、实意动词(及物动词和不及物动词):(1) 助动词:do/does/did/done+v原, have/has/had+v-ed, 注意它们还可作实义动词;(2) Be动词:be/is/am/are/was/were/been+n./adj/介词短语(3)系动词:根据系动词的语义特点,系动词可以分为以下几类:1. 状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。如:He was famous as a scholar. 作为一位学者他很著名。We are anxious about his safety. 我们为他的安全而忧虑。2. 持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand等,其后+adj。如:Would you please keep silent a minute? 可以请你安静一下吗?This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3. 表像系动词:用来表示“看起来像”这样的意思,主要有seem, appear, look+n/adj等。如:He seems to be asleep. 他似乎睡着了。It appears a true story. 它似乎是一个真实的故事。He looks like my brother. 他看上去好像我的哥哥。4. 感官系动词:用于表示感官的感受,主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,look等,+adj。如:The rose smells sweet. 玫瑰花香。The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。This coffee tastes bitter. 这种咖啡味道苦。The idea sounds interesting. 这个想法听起来很有趣。5. 变化系动词:用于表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等, +adj。如:The affair becomes serious. 事态严重。As he grows older, he grows wiser. 他年纪越大越有智慧。Leaves turn brown in autumn. 叶子一到秋天就黄了。Her hair is going grey. 她的头发日见花白。 The well ran dry. 井干涸了。Its getting late. 时间不早了。6. 终止系动词:这类系动词主要有prove, turn out等,用于表示“证实”“变成”等意思。如:The article has proved most useful. 这篇文章证明很有用。The examination turned out quite easy. 结果考试相当容易。(4) 使役动词:使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有leave(离开).get(得到).keep(保持).make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(有;让;从事;允许;拿)等。 Make/let/have sb do sth=get sb to do sth使让某人。(5)情态动词:表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形:can/could; will/would; shall/should; may/might; must; have/has/had to; used to; ought to; need; dare注:mustnt代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观; 可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare。(6) 实意动词又分为及物动词vt和不及物动词vi: (1)vt+必接宾语;vi后不能接宾语。(2)除助动词之外,其他各类动词都还可做实意动词。(3)v-ing又叫动名词、动词的现在分词;done/v-ed又叫动词过去分词4、 形容词adj:(1) 修饰n/adj,作定语;(2) Be+adj/n/prep.;系动词keep/stay/remain/become/turn/go等和感官动词look,feel,sound,smell,taste +adj;(3) As/as.as/very/quite/pretty+adj/adv原级;many/much/little/few/a little/a few/even/a great deal+adj/adv比较级; one of +cn复,如果cn被adj修饰,adj用最高级。(4) The+adj/adv比较级., The+adj/adv比较级.。 越、就越、; adj/adv比较级+and +adj/adv比较级 越来越、 5、副词adv:(1) 修饰adv/adj/v., 作状语(时间、地点、原因、条件、结果、让步、伴随、转折),注意:副词修饰动词时常放在动词后面。(2) As/as.as/very/quite/pretty+adj/adv原级;many/much/little/few/a little/a few/even/a great deal+adj/adv比较级; one of +cn复,如果cn被adj修饰,adj用最高级。(3) The+adj/adv比较级., The+adj/adv比较级.。 越、就越、; adj/adv比较级+and +adj/adv比较级 越来越、 6、介词prep:(1) 介词后碰到动词,动词都要用-ing(2) 常用介词:in在、里,;on在、上,关于; under, 在、下;behind在、背后;by在、旁,通过;,before,在、前(时间、空间);after,在、后(时间、空间);to,到、至、给;with,和、伴随、有; without,没有;for,为了、因为、给; at,在、; from,来自、; toward/towards朝、;about/around大约、关于 7、代词pron:代词分为人称代词和物主代词(1)、人称代词:“谁”:我、你、他/她/它、我们、你们、他/她/它们人称代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称我I我me我们we我们us第二人称你you你you你们you你们you第三人称他he他him他/她/它们they他/她/它们them她she她her它it它it用法:主格作主语;宾格做宾语。(2)、物主代词:“谁的”:我的,你的,他/她/它的,我们的,你们的,他/她/它们的物称代词人称单数复数形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称我的my我的mine我们的our我们的ours第二人称你的your你的yours你们的your你们的yours第三人称他的his他的his他/她/它们的their他/她/它们的theirs她的her她的hers它的its它的its用法:形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,后要接名词;名词性物主代词相当于名词,后不能接名词。 8、冠词article:(1) 冠词分为定冠词the和不定冠词a/an;(2) 定冠词the用于特指(彼此知道、独一无二、被修饰、序数词和形容词最高级);(3) 不定冠词a/an用于泛指数量“一”,a用于辅音因素开头的可数名词单数前,an元音因素开头的可数名词单数前(元音:a,e,i,o,u),但university,useful,unique等前用a而不用an(4) 西洋乐器前必须用定冠词the; 球类、棋类、语言、三餐、游戏名称、颜色前不用冠词。 9、连词conj:连词用于连接两个句子,常用的有:and, but, so,therefore,while,as,because,for, so that, when,what,who,which,that,not only.but also,since等。1、冷静沉着,勇于承担。(Calm and prudent, face it courageously.)2、好的开头是成功的一半。(A good beginning makes a good ending!)二、一般现在时:A、 定义: B、 结构: 注意:1、“s”的加法如下:(1)一般情况下直接+s;(2)、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的动词加“es”;(3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,把“y”改为“i”再加“es”(元音:a,e,i,o,u)。 2、 第三人称单数“他”he/him,“她”she/her,“它”it/it。典例:1、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool. 2、She is a good girl and she likes reding very much.C、补充延伸:一、可数名词单数变复数分规则和不规则两类:1、规则的加“s”,“s”的加法如下:(1)一般情况下直接+s;(2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾的可数名词加“es”;(3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,把“y”改为“i”再加“es”(元音:a,e,i,o,u)。2、不规则的:(1)人们people,绵羊sheep,鱼fish,警察police,中国人Chinese,日本人Japanese-不变;(2)西红柿tomato,土豆potato,英雄hero-加“es”;(3)牙齿tooth,脚foot,(天)鹅goose-“oo”改为“ee”;(4)孩子child/children,公牛ox/oxen,老鼠mouse/mice;(5) 男人man,女人woman,男警察policeman,女警察policewoman,男主席chairman,女主席chairwoman-“a”改为“e”;(6)贼thief的妻子wife用树叶leaf做刀knife杀死了狼wolf,精灵life支起架子shelf烤面包loaf-f改为v再加es,以e结尾的把f改为v再加s。二、代词分为人称代词和物主代词1、人称代词:“谁”:我、你、他/她/它、我们、你们、他/她/它们人称代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称我I我me我们we我们us第二人称你you你you你们you你们you第三人称他he他him他/她/它们they他/她/它们them她she她her它it它it用法:主格作主语;宾格做宾语。2、物主代词:“谁的”:我的,你的,他/她/它的,我们的,你们的,他/她/它们的物称代词人称单数复数形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称我的my我的mine我们的our我们的ours第二人称你的your你的yours你们的your你们的yours第三人称他的his他的his他/她/它们的their他/她/它们的theirs她的her她的hers它的its它的its用法:形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,后要接名词;名词性物主代词相当于名词,后不能接名词。3、 “Be”动词:be-原型; Is(一般现在时第三人称单数)/am(永远只能跟I搭配)/are(一般现在时复数)-一般现在时; Was(单数)/were(复数)-一般过去时; Been-过去分词。练习:翻译:我/你/他/我们/你们/他们是好人,但我/你/他/我们/你们/他们昨天是坏人。4、 三个“也”、三个“到达”、三个“阻止”和四个“花费”: 1、三个“也”:too肯定句句末,通常逗号隔开; Also肯定句居中; Either否定句句末。练习:翻译:1、我也喜欢打篮球 2、你也喜欢打篮球 3、他也不喜欢打篮球 2、三个“到达”:reach+地点; Get to+地点; Arrive in+大地名/arrive at+小地名练习:翻译:1、我昨天到达北京 2、你们什么时候到的贵州大学? 3、三个“阻止”:prevent-prevent sb (from) doing sth.; Stop-stop sb (from) doing sth.; Keep-keep sb from doing sth.(注意:keep sb doing sth.保持某人继续做某事)练习:翻译:1、疾病并没有阻止他努力学习 2、老师想要她继续努力学习英语 4、四个“花费”:spend-spent-spent-sb spend+ 时间/钱+(in) doing sth/ on sth; Take-took-taken-It takes sb+ 时间/钱 to do sth; Pay-paid-paid-sb pay +时间/钱 for doing sth/ for sth; Cost-cost-cost-sth cost sb +时间/钱 练习:翻译: Jenny 花了五美元给他妹妹买这辆自行车。5、 方位和时间的介词: 1、方位:in在范围之内,包括; On两地接壤; To隔海或隔山相望 2、时间:in在一段时间以内,in+一段时间表“将来”; On在具体某一天或具体某一天早上下午晚上; At在具体几点几分(at the school gate在学校大门旁)In the morning/ at morning; in the afternoon/ at afternoon; in the evening/ at night; good evening/good night练习:翻译:1、晚上好,我将在三天内到达重庆 2、他出生在一个晴朗的早晨 3、台湾在中国的南方 4、上海在贵州的东方6、 there be(时间段内或空间内存在有)与have/has(拥有,所有权)典例:1. There are three big birds in the tree(外来). 2. There is an apple on this apple tree.(本身有). 3. I have three birds.(the birds are mine). 4. She has an apple.(the apple is hers).练习:翻译:1、公园里有两只狗和三棵树 2、她在北京有三套房子 3、你的床下有一只猫 4、我们有许多时间完成这次任务 5、操场上有一些男孩在打篮球 6、树上有一些漂亮的鸟儿在唱歌 7、那棵梨树上有三个雪白的梨7、 一般现在时的否定和疑问(一般疑问、否定疑问、反义疑问、特殊疑问)1、 否定:如果原句中有be动词, 助动词或情态动词,则直接在其后加not, some改为any,and改为or, 其他不变;如果原句中没有be动词, 助动词或情态动词,则借助于助动词do/does+not放在主语之后谓语动词之前,后面的谓语动词要变为原型,some改为any, and改为or, 其他不变。注意:be动词:be, is/am/are, was/were, been; is not=isnt, are not=arent, was not=wasnt, were not=werent 助动词:do/does, did, done; have/has, had, had(注意与实意动词时的区别); Do not=dont, does not=doesnt, did not=didnt, have not=havent, has not=hasnt, had not=hadnt 情态动词:can/could, shall/should, may/might, will/would, has/have/had to, must, ought to, dare, need(注意与实意动词时的区别)典例: 1、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游) I dont want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我不想和他一起去游泳池游泳) 2、She is a good girl and she likes reding very much.(她是一个好女孩,她非常喜欢阅读) She isnt a good girl and she doesnt like reding very much. (她不是一个好女孩,她非常不喜欢阅读)练习:1、变否定:She works very hard and does morning reading every day. 2、汉译英:他们不是每天都踢足球。2、 疑问: (1)一般疑问 :结构:如果原句中有be动词, 助动词或情态动词,则直接把be动词, 助动词或情态动词提至句首,第一人称改为第二人称,some改为any,and改为or, 句号改为问号,其他不变;如果原句中没有be动词, 助动词或情态动词,则借助于助动词do/does放在句首,后面的谓语动词要还原,第一人称改为第二人称,some改为any,and改为or, 句号改为问号,其他不变。翻译: 。吗?典例: 1、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游) Do you want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool?(你想要和他一起去游泳池游泳吗?) 2、She is a good girl with many merits.(她是一个有许多优点的好女孩。) Is she a good girl with many merits?(她是一个有许多优点的好女孩吗?)练习:1、变一般疑问:She works very hard and does morning reading every day. 2、汉译英:他们每天都踢足球吗? (2)否定疑问:结构:先否定,后疑问。翻译:难道、不、吗?典例: 1、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游) Dont you want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool?(难道你不想和他一起去游泳池游泳吗?)2、She is a good girl with many merits.(她是一个有许多优点的好女孩。) Isnt she a good girl with many merits?(难道她不是一个有许多优点的好女孩吗?)练习:汉译英:1、难道我不是一个好学生吗? 2、难道他们没有给你一百元吗? (3)反义疑问:结构:前肯后否,前否后肯,主谓一致(注意:此处人称不做变化)翻译:、,不是吗?典例: 1、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游)I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool, dont I ? (我想要和他一起去游泳池游,不是吗?)2、She is a good girl with many merits.(她是一个有许多优点的好女孩。)She is a good girl with many merits,Isnt she?(她是一个有许多优点的好女孩, 不是吗?)练习:汉译英:1、我们不是坏人,不是吗? 2、世界上有很多好心人,不是吗? (4)特殊疑问结构:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句,先找特殊疑问词,去掉提问部分,提问部分含有动词时要根据其时态补充对应的助动词以使句意完整。注意:特殊疑问词:what什么, who(主格)/whom(宾格)谁, whose谁的, how怎样, when什么时候, where在哪, why为什么, which哪一个, how many(可数复数)/how much(不可数)多少, how long(多长、多久,提问完成时), how often(多久一次,提问频率), how soon(还要多久,提问将来时)翻译:根据具体语境典例: 1、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游)Who do want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool?/Who want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool?(谁想要和他一起去游泳池游泳?)2、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游)What do you want to do with him in the swimming pool?(你想要和他一起去游泳一起去游泳池做什么?)3、 I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游)Whom do you want to go swimming with in the swimming pool?(你想要和谁一起去游泳池游泳?)4、I want to go swimming with him in the swimming pool.(我想要和他一起去游泳池游)Where do you want to go swimming with him?(你想要和他一起去哪里游泳?)练习:1、对划线部分提问:(1)She is a good girl with many merits. (2)We are going to visit Beijing University in the next three weeks. (3)We are going to visit Beijing University in the next three weeks. (4)We are going to visit Beijing University in the next three weeks.D、练习:1. 写出下列动词第三人称单数形式: wash_ match _guess_ study_ finish_ go_ snow_ carry_2. 写出下列可数名词的复数形式: policewoman_ child _goose_ dentist_ hero_ thief_ leaf_ Chinese_3. 汉译英: (1)我喜欢她,但是她喜欢他。令人遗憾的是(It”s a pity that),他喜欢我! (2)他们喜欢你,但是你却不喜欢他们。 (3)这本书是我的,但是我不喜欢它。相反,我喜欢你的那本书。 (4)我喜欢她和她的书。4.(1)用动词的适当形式填空1.I like _ (swim). 2. He _(read) English every day.3.We _(go)to school at seven in the morning.4.Mike_(go)to school at seven in the morning.5.My mother_(like) _(go) shopping.6.I can _(draw) many beautiful pictures.7.She_(make) a model plane.8.Do you _(like)_(run)?9.Does he_(like)_(jump) ?10.Does Nancy_(grow)flowers on Saturday ?11.The teachers_(like)_(dance).12.The teacher_(like)_(dance).13.The students_(speak) English in class.14.The student_(speak) Chinese after class.15. Lets_and play football . ( go )16. He_ like swimming . ( not )17. Im sorry _that . ( hear )18. Wang Bing is_ ( write ) an E-mail to his friend .19. He has_a headache . ( get )20. _you study English at school ? Yes , I_. ( do )21. _your sister study English at school ? No , she_ . ( do )22. Im _ better . ( feel )23. Why_Tom absent today ? ( be )(2)用所给的人称改写句子1.I take photos on Sunday. ( Mike)2.We grow beautiful flowers. (she)3.They like collecting stamps. (Ben)4.I listen to music carefully. (my aunt)5.You like making a model ship. (Helen)5、用所给动词的适当形式填空:1I _(write) to you as soon as I _(get) to London.2. He doesnt feel well and _(not eat) any food this morning.3. He _ not _(see) me come in, for he _(read) something with great interest.4. I _(l;et) you have the book as soon as I _(finish) it.5. While we _(wait) for our teacher, a little boy _(run) up to us. 6. Dont make a noise. Grandpa _(sleep). 7.Its seven now, Toms family_(watch) TV.8. It _(take) me two hours to finish my homework last night.9. What _ your mother _(do) at eight yesterday evening? She _(wash) clothes.10. _ it _ (rain) when school was over yesterday?11. What _(do) _ tomorrow? We _ (play) football.12. There _ (be) a football match on TV this evening.13. They said they _ (visit) the Great Wall the next summer holiday. 14. Who _ (dance) the best in your class? 15. Will you come if he _ (not come)?16. The teacher told us the earth _ (move) round the sun. 17She _ (buy) a sweater yesterday.18. They _ (have) a party in the garden if it _ (not rain) tomorrow.19. I dont know if Mr.Wang _ (go) to Shanghai tomorrow. If he _ (go), I _ (ask) him _ (take) some books to my daughter, because she _ (study) there.6、.单项选择:1.The students will go to the Summer Palace if it _ tomorrow. A.dont rain B. doesnt rain C. wont rain2. There _ an English film next week. A. will have B. is going to have C. is going to be D. was going to be3. The picture _ nice. A.looks B.is looked C.look D.is looking4. She _ down and soon fell asleep. A. live B. lain C. laid D. lay5. They _ the office at nine yesterday morning. A. reached to B. arrived C. went D. get to 6. We shall go to Shanghai on business before you _ back next week.A. will come B. came C. would come D. come7. Dont smoke until the plane _ off. A.takes B.took C.was taken D.is take8. I saw her _ the room this morning. A.to enter B. entered C. enter D. enters9.the teacher asked us _ to school on time. A. to come B.coming C.come D.comes10. John is always _ others. A. help B. helping C. helps D. to help11. He told us _ at eight. A. working B. to work C. work D. worked12. Youd better _ at home and _ your homework.A. to stay, do B. stay, do C. to stay, to do D. stay, to do13. He sat down _ a rest. A. having B. have C. to have D. had14. Uncle Wang knows _ a washing machine.A. how to make B. to make C. how making D. what to make15. Jim decided _ Polly to Ling Feng when he was back to England.A. to leave B. left C. leaving D. leave7. 改句子1.Do you often play football after school? (肯定回答)2.I have many books. (改为否定句)3.Gao Shans sister likes playing table tennis (改为否定句)4.She lives in a small town near New York. (改为一般疑问句)5.I watch TV every day. (改为一般疑问句)6.David has got a goal. (改为一般疑问句)7.We have four lessons.(否定句)8.Nancy doesnt run fast (肯定句)9.My dog runs fast. 否定句: 一般疑问句:10.Mike has two letters for him. 一般疑问句: 否定句:11.I usually play football on Friday afternoon. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问12.Su Yang usually washes some clothes on Saturday. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问:13.Mingming usually waters the flowers every day 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问14.Tom does his homework at home. 否定句: 一般疑问句: 划线提问成功就是当你想要放弃而没有放弃的那一刻!(Success is the very moment you want to drop out but do not!) 三、一般过去时:A、定义: B、结构: 注意:谓语动词的过去式分为规则的和不规则的两类:1、 规则动词的过去式则在其后+ed,ed的加法如下
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