时态、语态与句型.doc

动 词 的 时 态 与 语 态英语动词在使用时有时态与语态的区别。初中英语时态有8种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。语态有主动语态、被动语态。时 态一 般 现 在 时定义：表示经常发生或习惯性的动作。标志：always、usually、sometimes、often、every (day、week、year)构成：1、Be动词：am、is、are肯定式：主语+am /is /are +.否定式：主语+am not /isnt /arent +.疑问式：Am(Is、Are)+主语+?2、行为动词（V）：肯定式：1、主语+V原+. 2主语 (单三) + V s(es) +.否定式：1主语 + dont + V原+. 2主语 (单三) +doesnt +V原+.疑问式：1Do+主语+ V原+? 2Does+主语+V原+?注: V原为动词原形 主语(单三)是指单数第三人称V s(es) 是指动词单数第三人称形式,其变化形式与名词变复数规则一样DoDoesdontdoesnt为助动词,使用助动词后,句中谓语动词一律用原形提示:表示客观现象,真理一律用一般现在时。条件状语从句、时间状语从句，主句是一般将来时，从句常用一般现在时。一 般 过 去 时定义：表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。标志：yesterday、the day before yesterday、last(week、year)、ago、this morning、just now、a moment ago、those days、in 2006构成：1、Be动词：was 、were肯定式：主语+was / were+. 否定式：主语+wasnt / werent+.疑问式：Was / Were+主语+? 2、行为动词（V） 肯定式：主语+V d(ed)+. 否定式：主语+didnt +V原+. 疑问式：Did+主语+V原+?注：Vd(ed)是动词的过去式，变化规则如下：一般在词尾+ed 词尾是e +d 辅音字母+y结尾，改y为i+ ed 重读闭音节词双写+ed不规则变化要记忆：Did、didnt为助动词，使用助动词后，动词还原用原形。提示：在宾语从句中，若从句所表示的是一般过去时，它不受主句影响。一 般 将 来 时定义：表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。标志：tomorrow、next (month、year)、in a year、soon、later on、this evening、in 2010构成：1、Be going to +V原: 肯定式：主语+be (am / is / are) going to +V原+ 否定式：主语+be (am not / isnt / arent ) going to +V原+ 疑问式：Be (Am / Is /Are)+going to +V原+ 2、Will / Shall + V原 肯定式：主语+will / shall+ V原+ 否定式：主语wont / shant +V 原+ 疑问式：Will / shall + 主语+V原+ 注：助动词will用于全部人称，shall只用于I / We 3、Be+Ving 也可以表示一般将来时 肯定式：主语+be+ Ving? 否定式：主语+be not+ Ving 疑问式：Be+ 主语+Ving+如：go、come、learn、start、arrive等瞬间动词的进行时表示将来的意思提示：Will you?表示请求 Shall I / We? 表示提建议 在条件状语从句，时间状语从句中。主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 过 去 将 来 时定义：表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。用法：常用于主句是过去时态的宾语从句中。构成：1、主语+should / would +V原肯定式：主语+should / would +V原. 否定式：主语+should / would not +V原.疑问式：Should / Would +主语+V原.?注：助动词would用于全部人称，should只用于I / We2、主语+was / were going to +V原肯定式：主语+was / were going to +V原. 否定式：主语+was / were +not +going to +V原.疑问式：Was / Were +主语+going to +V原?现 在 进 行 时定义：表示说话人说话时正在进行或发生的动作。标志：now、Look! Listen! at the moment、right now构成：主语+be + Ving 肯定式：主语+am / is /are +Ving+ 否定式：主语+ am / is /are+ not + Ving+ 疑问式： Am / Is / Are+ 主语 + Ving +注：Ving是动词的现在分词，变化规则如下：一般在词尾+ing 词尾是e,去+ing重读闭音节词双写+ing 特殊：lielying diedying tietying提示：有些现在进行时无明显标志可根据上文提示。Where is/are?过 去 进 行 时定义：表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。标志：at that time (moment)、at this time yesterday、at eight yesterday、 from seven to ten last night.构成：主语+be (was/ were)+Ving肯定式：主语+ be (was/ were)+Ving+ 否定式：主语+wasnt / werent+ Ving疑问式：Was/Were+主语+Ving+提示：when、while引导的时间状语从句(从句用一般过去时或过去进行时)。现 在 完 成 时定义：过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结束。 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状况。标志：五个时间副词：already、just、yet、ever、never. 一段时间：since、for+一段时间、before (以前)。 次数：once、twice、times so far , in the last/past+一段时间, over the years, by now.构成：肯定式：主语have /has + V过去分词. 否定式：主语+havent / hasnt + V过去分词. 疑问式：Have / Has+主语+V过去分词?提示：动词的过去分词的规则变化与动词过去式变化规则一样，特殊变化必须记忆。助动词has只用于单数第三人称，其余人称用have。注：have / has been to 与have / has gone to 的用法:have / has been to “已到过（某地）”表示说话人在这have /has gone to “已到（某地）去了”表示说话人不在这过 去 完 成 时定义：表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 表示过去发生的动作一直延续到过去的某一时刻结束。标志：by+过去某一时间点, by the end of+过去某一时间点, bofore+过去某一时间点, by the time+从句(从句用一般过去时)构成：主语+had +V过去分词.肯定式：主语+had +V过去分词. 否定式：主语+hadnt +V过去分词.疑问式：Had +主语+V过去分词?主 动 语 态 与 被 动 语 态主动语态：主语是动作（谓语）的执行者。构成：主语+V+被动语态：主语是动作（谓语）的承受者。(主语常是物)构成：主语+ be +V过去分词+1、 一般现在时的被动语态： 2、一般过去时的被动语态：主语+am / is / are (not)+V过去分词. 主语+was /were (not)+V过去分词.、含有情态动词的被动语态： 4、一般将来时的被动语态：主语+情态动词 (not) +be +V过去分词. 主语+will (not) +be +V过去分词注：以上各种时态的被动语态的否定式|、疑问式直接在be 动词、助动词、情态动词上变化，即在后+ not 变否定句，提前变疑问句式。Exercise：1. My parents often a walk after supper. They are both very healthy. (have)2. The student to school three days last week. (not go)3. The woman realized she her keys in the office when she got home.(leave)4. The students said that they from school in one and a half years.(graduate)5. Tom always (think) of himself. Look! He (eat) two cakes already.6. I (lose) three umbrellas so far.7. People (have) robots in their homes in 100 years.8.A s soon as she (return) I (tell) you.9. I _ (sleep)at nine oclock last Sunday morning.10. My sister (watch) TV when I (get) home yesterday.11.By the time she got to class, the teacher teaching. (start)12.Where is your parents? -My mother (cook) supper in the kitchen and my father (go) to the bookstore.13.I think sixteen-year-olds should (not allow) to drive.14.The car (invent) in 1885.15.Can the work (finish) before you leave for Beijing?16.It (say) that he is going to Shanghai next year.17.English (speak) by many people.中考句子种类专项训练宾语从句宾语从句：一个完整的句子放在主句谓语动词后做宾语,叫宾语从句。句型：1、主句 +（that）引导的从句 2、主句 + if(如果)引导的从句 3、主句 + 疑问词(when, where, what time, how long)引导的从句。注意：1、宾语从句一律用陈述语序,即 引导词+主语+谓语+其它； 2、主句用一般过去式，从句要用过去某种时态； 3、主句用一现在时，从句可用各种时态； 4、主句用一般过去时，从句表真理也用一般现在时。Exercise ：1. Could you tell me ? About two months. A. when are you leaving for Shanghai B. how often you go to the school libraryC. how many tickets have you booked D. how long you have been at this school2. Do you know this time yesterday? A. what she is cooking B. what is she cooking C. what she was cooking D. what was she cooking3. Could you tell me tomorrow morning? Well, it will start at 9:00 oclock. A. when the meeting will start B. where will the meeting start C. where the meeting start D. when the meeting would start4. Could you please tell me ? I live in Yanan. A. where do you live B. where were you born C. where you live D. where you were born5. He didnt tell me tomorrow.A. when will the train arrive B. when would the train arriveC. when the train arrived D. when the train would arrive 6. We knew that the earth (move) around the sun.定语从句定语从句：是修饰、限制某一名词、代词，作为这个名词、代词定语的从句。结构：1、先行词是人，关系代词用who/ whom/whose(whose + n.)。 2、先行词是物，关系代词用that/ which。 3、先行词是人+物，关系代词用that。 4、先行词是复合不定代词，指人的用who, 指物的用that。 5、先行词表地点，关系副词用where(作状语), 先行词表时间，关系副词用when(作状语) 。注意：、定语从句的谓语动词与先行词一致。Mr Green often goes to visit his old friend who lives in the country.2、who 用作定语从句的引导词时，先行词只能是指人，who可充当主语，也可用作宾语，whom只能用作宾语。3、当先行词指人时，可用who，也可用thateg：1. The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.2. Do you often talk with the girl who /whom I saw just now?3. The doctor who/ that/ whom Mr Zhang is speaking to is about forty years old.Exercises:1. The boy won the first prize is called Roy. A. whose B. whom C. who D. which2. Mr Green, there is someone at the front desk would like to speak with you. A. that B. who C. which D. whom3. I like the music I can dance to. A. that B. whose C. when D. how4. I have told everything I know to you. A. what B. that C. which D. who5. The boy and the dog are running on the road look very happy. A. who B. whom C. that D. which状语从句状语从句可分为时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、比较等几种，状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词有一定意思，不能省去。时间状语从句：常由when, while, since, until, notuntil, after, before, as soon as(一就), whenever引导。原因状语从句：常由because, since, as引导。(与so两不碰头)条件状语从句：常由if, unless(=ifnot)引导。让步状语从句：常由though, although, even though引导。(与but两不碰头)目的和结果状语从句：so that, sothat，suchthat引导。比较状语从句：常由than, asas, not as/soas引导。要点: 、在if引导的真实条件句和as soon as引导的时间状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。、if引导的虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用：从句: If+主语动词的过去式(be只能用were)+ 主句: 主语+would+动词原形Exercise:1. He doesnt tell me when he . Ill telephone you as soon as he . A. will come, comes B. will come, will come C. comes, will come D. comes, comes2. James with the Greens the White Tower Park if it tomorrow. A. are going to, isnt rainy B. are going to, doesnt rain C. is going to, wont rain D. is going to, isnt rainy3. You will be late you hurry up. A. after B. when C. unless D. if4. Try your best to learn English. difficult it is, you shouldnt give it up. A. No matter what B. How C. No matter how D. Whatever5. John is good at basketball he isnt tall enough. A. it B. since C. because D. though6. he isnt rich enough, he often gives away money to some poor children. A. Though，but B. Though, / C. Because D. But, /7. Youll do much better youre more careful with your spelling. A. if B. before C. although D. unless8. The drink is delicious I enjoy it very much. A. too; to B. so; that C. such; that D. so; as9. The classroom is clean it was yesterday. Sorry, I forgot to clean it. A. as; as B. so; as C. not so; as D. more; than10. If I not so busy, I with you. A. was; would go B. were; would go C. was; should go D. were; will go11. Well climb Xiangshan Hill if it tomorrow. A. wont rain B. rain C. rainy D. doesnt rain12. I will write to you I get there. A. while B. as soon as C. as D. since13. I didnt go to bed I finished my homework. A. after B. till C. since D. before14. I dont know if he tomorrow. If he , Ill tell him about it. A. will come; will come B. comes; comes C. comes; will come D. will come; comes感叹句感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐及惊讶等强烈感情的句子。重点掌握“what”和“how”引导的感叹句。结构：What + a/an + adj. +可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ What + adj. +可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语！ How+ adj./adv. +主语+谓语！Exercises:1. beautiful the skirt is! 2. beautiful skirt it is!A. What B. How C. What a D. How a 3. the piece of music sounds! A. What a beautiful B. What beautifully C. How beautiful D. How beautifully4. the children are playing! A. What happy B. How happy C. What happily D. How happily 反意疑问句是指提问者有一定主见但没有把握，提问者先陈述事实，再问是否如此，以希望对方进一步证实的一种疑问句，常由两部分构成，前一部分是对事实的陈述，后一部分是简短的提问。注意：1、前肯后否，前否后肯；人称一致；时态一致。2、前一部分是祈使句（包括否定祈使句）的，后部分用 “will you?”但如果是 “Lets do sth.” 形式的祈使句用 “Shall we?” Let与us 分开写时仍用“will you?”。3、反意疑问句的回答根据事实而定。4、表否定的词有：not, no, never, hardly, few, little, nothing, nobody, neithernor, seldom。5.含有宾语从句的反意疑问句，后部分的人称、时态与宾语从句一致，肯、否定看主句。例：I dont think he is a doctor, is he?Exercises:1. Your mother didnt go to work yesterday, did she? . Thought she was a little ill. A. Yes, she did. B. Yes, she didnt C. No, she did D. No, she didnt2. The student has to look after her little sheep on the farm, ? A. has she B. does she C. hasnt she D. doesnt she3. Havent they known the terrible robbery, have they? . I told them just now. A. Yes, they have B. Yes, they havent C. No, they have D. No, they havent 4.Hes never been to a foreign country, ? A. has he B. isnt he C. hasnt he D. is he5. He hardly has time for concerts, he? A. doesnt B. does C. do D. dont6. The baby can hardly say a word, ? A. can he B. cant he C. can the baby D. cant the baby7. Lets go out to play volleyball, ?8. Let us clean the room together, ?There be结构(就近原则) There be+某人/某物+某地 表示某地有某人、某物 There be sth. wrong with sb./sth. 某人/物出问题或有差错。There be sb./sth. doing某地 （在某地方）有某人/物在做某事。There is no time to do sth. 没有时间去做某事。There will be There is/ are going to beThere used to beExercises:1. There no milk in the fridge. Could you get some for me, Dick? All right, Mum. A. is B. are C. was D. were2. a pen and two books on the desk. A. There are B. There is C. There have D. There has3. There some old people taking a walk in the park. A. is B. are C. has D. have4. There is going to a sports meeting next week. A. have B. be C. is D. hold5. There must be some birds (sing) in the trees.含 “it” 句型的构成 Its time for sb. to do sth. 该某人去做某事了。 Its ones turn/duty to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了/做某事是某人的职责。 It takes sb. some time/ money to do sth. Its + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 做某事对某人来说是 Its + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 某人做了某事真（表感情） 主语 + find/think/make + it + adj. + to do sth./that从句 “It”常作句子主语、表示时间、日期、距离、天气等。Exercises:1. Its very nice pictures for me.A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing2. Its very important for us (stay) away from the computer games.倒装句1. So + 助动词/be 动词/情态动词 + 另一主语 “ 也一样” Neither + 助动词/be动词/情态动词 + 另一主语 “ 也不” 如：a)Tom watched TV last night, so did Ann. b) Mary didnt watch TV last night, neither did Jim2. So + 上句主语 + 助动词 / be 动词 / 情态动词 “确实如此”（表示所陈述的确是事实）Exercises:1.My daughter ate a lot of ice cream in school. Yes, .A. so did she B. so she did C. she did so D. Neither did she 2.Lilys not visited many places of great interest in China. . A. Neither has her twin sister B. Neither is her twin sister C. Neither her twin sister has D. Neither her twin sister is3. Youve left the light on. . A. So I have B. So do I C. So have I D. So I do 4. David has made progress recently. , and . A. So he has, so have you. B. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so you have D. So has he, so have you.5. Mr Waston wont be here next week, and . A. neither will his wife B. neither his wife will C. so will his wife D. so will his wife6. Jim works hard on his Chinese and . A. so Lucy does B. So it Lucy C. so does Lucy D. So Lucy is7. Dear, youve made the floor dirty. Oh, . Im terribly sorry. A. I do so B. so do I C. so have I D. so I have祈使句祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等等, 主语通常被省略。 1、肯定的祈使句:句型：动词原形+ 其它! Help yourself to some fish!(help)2、否定的祈使句:句型： Dont动词原形。 Dont come out.(not come) 3、祈使句的回答: 肯定的祈使句, 常用“Ok, I will.” 回答 否定的祈使句, 常用“Sorry, I wont.”回答Exercises:1. Dont step on the grass next time, Mike. . A. Thank you for telling me B. Dont worry C. I dont know D. Sorry, I wont2. Be early next time, Mike. . A. Yes, I do B. Dont worry C. Ok, I will D. I dont know3. Let me help you carry the heavy box. . A. I think so B. Never mind C. Its very nice of you D. Help yourself of you4. your books, Tom. Dont leave your things here and there. A. Put on B. Put off C. Put away D. Put down5. late. Its your first day to work. You see, well begun is half done. A. Dont to be B. Dont be C. Not be D. Be not并列句1. Its 9 oclock now. I must go. Its raining outside. Dont leave it stops. A. when B. since C. while D. until 2. When youre learning English, try to use it, youll lose it. A. but B. or C. then D. and3. Lily Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home. A. Not only, but also B. Neither, nor C. Both, and D. Either, or4. you he is able to ski, but I am. A. Neither, nor B. Not only, but also C. Either, or D. Both, and5. Its raining heavily the farmers keep on working in the field. A. but B. though C. till D. because6. How do you like the two pairs of shoes? They dont fit me well. They are too big too small.A. not only, but also B. both, and C. neither, nor D. either, or7. How about going out for a walk with us?I wish I could, I have to finish my homework first. A. and B. so C. but D. or8. Mary got up very early this morning, she caught the first bus. A. Because, / B. Because, so C. so, / D. Though, but9. Mary got up very early this morning, she caught the first bus. A. because B. for C. so D. or10. There is a lot of traffic in this city, look both ways before crossing the street. A. so B. and C. but D. for11. Look left and rig