由介词as构成的短语.doc

由介词as构成的短语 1. as a matter of fact 实际上，事实上；被看作是理所当然的事2. as a result/consequence 结果，因此；as a result of 由于，因为;当做是.的结果3. as a rule 规章，规则；通常，照例; as a general rule 一般说来4. as regards 关于，至于；as follows 如下5. as a whole 总体上,6. as far as I know据我所知，as far as I am concerned 就我而言7. as long as=so long as 只要8. as well as=and 和9. as to=as for 至于，关于10. as such 同样的; 类似的；such as 例如11. as soon as 一 就12. as it were 似乎如此，仿佛是13. as much as 与一样14. as nothing 绝不15. as against /as opposed to 与相比16. as a reaction/response to 由于17. not so much as与其说., 不与说18. as if=as though 仿佛19. as yet 至今20. as best one can 尽力，竭力 由at构成的短语21. at (the) best 充其量，从最好的角度说；at worst 从最坏的角度说22. at all costs 不惜任何代价；at the cost of =at the price of=at the expense of 以为代价；23. at present 目前; at the moment 此刻24. at hand 在手边，在附近25. at heart 在内心；实质上26. be/feel at home 在家，在国内；感觉自在; be at home in 擅长27. at intervals 不时地，间隔地; 每隔一会儿, 每隔一段距离28. at last 最终，终于；at first 首先29. at least 至少，最低限度；at most 最多30. at length 终于，最后；详细地31. at a loss over 对困惑，不知所措32. at first sight 乍一看，初看起来；at first glance 乍一看；at the sight of 一看见；at the thought of 一想到，at the mention of 一提到33. at a time 每次，一次；at that time 那时候; at times 有时候34. at no time 在任何时候不，决不35. at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾36. at random 随意地，任意地37. at any rate 无论如何，至少38. at the mercy of 在面前无助；受.控制39. at risk 处境危险，遭受危险40. at all events 无论如何41. at a competitive advantage/edge 处于竞争的优势42. at ones back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,维护; have sb. at one s back 有支持, 有作后台 43. at ones convenience(=where and when it suits one) 在方便的时间或地点；be convenient to/for 对方便 44. at (ones) ease (=without worry or nervousness) 自在, 不拘束 45. (be) at an end (=finished) 结束了；at ones wits end 无法可想, 智穷计尽46. at hand 在手边, 眼前(附近)47. at large(=at liberty, free) 在逃, 逍遥法外; at large(=in general) 一般来说, 大体上; at large(=at full length; with details)详细地48. at ones leisure 在有空的时候49. at ones disposal 由某人做主，由某人支配50. at a venture 碰巧，胡乱地，随意地 由介词as构成的短语 1. as a matter of fact 实际上，事实上；被看作是理所当然的事2. as a result/consequence 结果，因此；as a result of 由于，因为;当做是.的结果3. as a rule 规章，规则；通常，照例; as a general rule 一般说来4. as regards 关于，至于；as follows 如下5. as a whole 总体上,6. as far as I know据我所知，as far as I am concerned 就我而言7. as long as=so long as 只要8. as well as=and 和9. as to=as for 至于，关于10. as such 同样的; 类似的；such as 例如11. as soon as 一 就12. as it were 似乎如此，仿佛是13. as much as 与一样14. as nothing 绝不15. as against /as opposed to 与相比16. as a reaction/response to 由于17. not so much as与其说., 不与说18. as if=as though 仿佛19. as yet 至今20. as best one can 尽力，竭力 由at构成的短语21. at (the) best 充其量，从最好的角度说；at worst 从最坏的角度说22. at all costs 不惜任何代价；at the cost of =at the price of=at the expense of 以为代价；23. at present 目前; at the moment 此刻24. at hand 在手边，在附近25. at heart 在内心；实质上26. be/feel at home 在家，在国内；感觉自在; be at home in 擅长27. at intervals 不时地，间隔地; 每隔一会儿, 每隔一段距离28. at last 最终，终于；at first 首先29. at least 至少，最低限度；at most 最多30. at length 终于，最后；详细地31. at a loss over 对困惑，不知所措32. at first sight 乍一看，初看起来；at first glance 乍一看；at the sight of 一看见；at the thought of 一想到，at the mention of 一提到33. at a time 每次，一次；at that time 那时候; at times 有时候34. at no time 在任何时候不，决不35. at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾36. at random 随意地，任意地37. at any rate 无论如何，至少38. at the mercy of 在面前无助；受.控制39. at risk 处境危险，遭受危险40. at all events 无论如何41. at a competitive advantage/edge 处于竞争的优势42. at ones back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,维护; have sb. at one s back 有支持, 有作后台 43. at ones convenience(=where and when it suits one) 在方便的时间或地点；be convenient to/for 对方便 44. at (ones) ease (=without worry or nervousness) 自在, 不拘束 45. (be) at an end (=finished) 结束了；at ones wits end 无法可想, 智穷计尽46. at hand 在手边, 眼前(附近)47. at large(=at liberty, free) 在逃, 逍遥法外; at large(=in general) 一般来说, 大体上; at large(=at full length; with details)详细地48. at ones leisure 在有空的时候49. at ones disposal 由某人做主，由某人支配50. at a venture 碰巧，胡乱地，随意地2012年考研英语翻译试题的特点表现在以下三个方面：1. 五个句子超纲或较难的词汇较多；2. 句子结构有些太复杂，有一些特别难分析的句子；3. 话题也是广大考生不太熟悉的话题。2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志Nature，题目是Universal Truths。这篇文章的理论性比较强，对于大家来说应该会感觉很有难度，大家首先要理解文章大意，依据专业性来定词义。比如empirical approach(经验主义方法)，因此难度是近三年最难的翻译文章，也是这次考试大家最感到吃力的试题部分。总体而言，今年的翻译试题感觉是“难懂难翻”。我在今年冲刺班上反复强调的翻译必考的句子成分，尤其是后置定语，比如50题的strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations，属于我冲刺班提到的必考的名词短语的现象，以及一些常用从句的翻译，比如49题的两个后置定语which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.，属于翻译必考的从句。47题的it seems reasonable to suppose that 句型；以及最难的48题从句特多，构成理解的最大障碍。这些都是我在启航翻译课堂上反复提到必考的知识点，因此没掌握的学生肯定翻译不出来。下面我们把5 个句子的参考译文提供出来，让2012年考生了解自己翻译分数的同时，给2013年的考生提供翻译考试的一种整体备考思路。文章原文如下，选入2012考研英语一翻译真题时有部分删改：Since at least the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science: without it, there is no underlying order and pattern, merely as many explanations as there are things in the world. Newtons laws of motion, the oxygen theory of combustion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework。46. In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal。结构分析本句主语是one approach，谓宾语是takes this impulse for unification to its extremes，连接词and 连接的是一个并列的谓语动词seeks，破折号后面的内容起到对前面补充说明的作用，这句话难在某些词义很难把握，比如taketo extremes，其实这个词组在启航翻译练习里讲到过。参考译文46. 在物理学上，一种方法(物理学上的一种方法)把这种统一性的冲动发挥到了极点，并努力寻找一种万能的理论 一条唯一的为我们都明白一切所创造或生成的公式或方法。This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. 47. Here, Darwinism seems to offer r justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings。结构分析本句以逗号来理解就显得相对容易，主干是Darwinism seems to offer justification，逗号之间的是一个for引导的原因状语从句，其后还有一个If引导的条件状语从句，这一点我在我的基础班里提到过三个引导词一起出现的情况，比如because if once(因为如果一旦)，it seems reasonable to suppose 属于It做形式主语的情况，that在句中做动词suppose的宾语。参考译文47. 在这里，达尔文的理论似乎提供了一个理由或依据，因为如果所有的人类都有共同的起源，那么文化多样性也能够追溯到更多可控的起源，持这样的观点似乎是有道理的。Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the worlds languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. 48. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms。结构分析：本句中的不定式to filter outfrom结构在句中做主语，其谓语是might enable to，符合我在冲刺班上讲到的6种谓语必用情况中情态动词做谓语中的一种，what is unique和 what is shared做介词out和 from的宾语，后面how连接的是一个做动词understand的宾语从句，连接词and连接的what从句和前面的how构成两个并列的宾语从句。参考译文48. 从我们的共性中过滤出独特性能够使我们理解复杂的文化行为是怎样出现的，以及用进化或认知的概念来说，是什么在引导这种文化行为。That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today (M. Dunn et al. Nature doi:10.1038/nature 09923; 2011) supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language。The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity a brain module or modules specialized for language that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. Languages wou ld diversify through changes to the parameter settings of the generative rules。49. The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Chomskys and Greenbergs are not the only theories on the table for how languages evolve, but they make the strongest predictions about universals。结构分析The second属于词组省略现象，应该和上一段的第一句中initiated by Noam Chomsky提出的首创理论相对应，因此second可以理解为第二个观点或看法，后面的by Joshua Greenberg表示由谁来提出，identifying是一个分词短语，起到对前面主句内容补充说明的作用。后面的shared by many languages属于黄涛老师提到的必考的6种后置定语情况，具体可以参加考研句子阅读新思维这本书的第一章有详细的论述。最后是一个which引导的定语从句，那which指代那一部分内容很关键，因为其后是复数are，所以which不能指代整个句子，就近往上找到languages，但我们把其词义代进去，发现词义不合适，所以再往前找到一个复数名词traits，其词义就和后面的biases(偏见)合适。其中that属于黄涛英语基础班提到的5大考点的必考点，引导的是一个定语从句。参考译文49.其次/由约华亚格林伯根提出的第二个观点，采取了一个更为经验主义的普遍性方法，识别出了许多语言所共有的特征(特别是词序方面)，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制所造成的偏见。Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. 50. Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals。结构分析本就前半部分结构简单，主谓宾很清楚，然后是That引导的定语从句，但是因为that后的动词是are，所以该定语从句不修饰change，而是修饰其前面的复数名词patterns，翻译时要指代出来，tracked through it做后置定语，whereas属于考研句子阅读新思维一书里提到的常考的并列结构；介词between做后置定语，修饰前面的名词co- dependences.参考译文50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该说明了语言变化的模式，这些模式和语言这个家族或通过这个家族所追溯的这个路径是无关的，而格林伯根的普遍性预测了某些特定词序关系之间的紧密的相互依赖性。This does not mean that cognitive constraints are irrelevant, or that there are no other uni versals dictated by communication efficiency. It is surely inevitable that cognition sets limits on, say, word length. But such universals seem likely to be relatively trivial features of languages, just as may be the case for putative universals in music and other aspects of culture。The conclusion? We should perhaps learn the lesson of Darwinism: a universal mechanism of adaptation says little in itself about how a particular feature got to be the way it is, or about how it works. This truth has dawned on physicists too: universal equations are all very well, but the world actually consists of particular solutions, and these are generally the result of contingent history. One size does not always fit all。参考译文46. 在物理学上，一种方法(物理学上的一种方法)把这种统一性的冲动发挥到了极点，并努力寻找一种万能的理论 一条唯一的为我们都明白一切所创造或生成的公式或方法。47. 在这里，达尔文的理论似乎提供了一个理由或依据，因为如果所有的人类都 有共同的起源，那么文化多样性也能够追溯到更多可控的起源，持这样的观点似乎是有道理的。48. 从我们的共性中过滤出独特性能够使我们理解复杂的文化行为是怎样出现的，以及用进化或认知的概念来说，是什么在引导这种文化行为。49.其次/由约书亚格林伯提出的第二个观点，采取了一个更为经验主义的普遍性方法，识别出了许多语言所共有的特征(特别是词序方面)，这些特征被认为是代