非谓语动词讲座.doc

非谓语动词讲座一、不定式的时态和语态 主动 被动一般式 to write 要，将 to be written进行式 to be writing 正在 完成式 to have written 已完成 to have been written完成进行式 to have been writing（从过去到现在）一直在1、主动一般式：和主句动作同时或其后发生（将要）He demanded _(see) the manager.主动进行式：和谓语动作同时发生（正在）Dont pretend _ (work) hard.He seems _ (think) deeply.2、主动完成式：发生在非谓语动词前（已完成）Im sorry _(give) you so much trouble.He is considered _ (be) to many countries.3、主动完成进行式：从谓语动作之前开始一直进行到谓语动作发生，并有可能继续（一直在）Molly is said _(write) the novel for years.He is considered _ (study) abroad,but we dont know which country he studies in.比较：He is considered _(study) abroad,but we dont dont know which country he studied in.4、被动一般式：to be done (表将来动作)The book is said _(publish) next year.She is glad _(take) to the party.The car needs _(repair).The conference _(hold) tomorrow is about pollution.5、被动完成式：发生在谓语动作之前The room seems _(clean) already.The telephone is generally considered _(invite) by Bell.不定式主动表示被动意义1. a.当动词作宾补形容词（如easy difficult等）的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，相当于省略了for sbWe find the man hard(for us) to get along with .I think English easy (for me) to learn . b.主语+be+形容词+to do This question is difficult (for sb) to answer.The work is impossible (for sb)to finish next month.2.不定式作定语时，与最近的名词有动宾关系，且与另一名词构成主谓关系Give the children much homework to do .Please lend me a pen to write withI want to go to Beijing.Do you have anything _?A.to take B.to be taken3.疑问词+to do 时，用主动表示被动I know what to expect in my future work.4.有些词，如：be to blame /let/ seek用主动表被动Your father are to blame for the matter.The house is to let.5.there be 句型中There is nothing (for us )to fear.6、其他主动表示被动的词一些行为动词后加副词（有的可不加）也可表示被动意义如：read ,write,sell,open,shut,begin,wash,wear,cut,lock,play,strike,clean,eat,dry,iron,act,splitBooks of this sell well.The door wont shut.The shoes wear well.The meat cuts easily.The work doesnt pay.某些感官动词和系动词，如look,feel,taste,sound,smell,prove,turnout,seem,appear,wont bear此类动词常接形容词作表语The dish tastes good.need,want ,require,stand,take,deserve,be worth+doingYour hair needs cutting.你需要理发了The point deserves mentioning.这点值得一提That wont bear thinking of.那不堪想象The rules take some learning 。这规则需下点工夫学二、动词的现在分词（doing)时态，语态 主动 被动一般式 writing being written完成式 having written having been written否定式 not +doing/having written/being written/having been1、一般式(doing)（主语一致）表示无时间性 I hate talking with such people. (主动） （粗心） is not a good habit.（主动） I dont like （被嘲笑） in public. I enjoy respecting others and _ (understand).和谓语动词同时发生 The children surrounded the teacher,_(listen) to her story.I stole into the room without _(notice).(被动）2、完成式（having done ）发生在谓语动作之前_ (complete) the job ,we went home hurrrily.(主动）_(tell) many times,he still didnt know how to do it.Excuse,thank,remember,apologize等后常用一般式，尽管动作发生在谓语动作前Thank you for giving me so much help.He remembered being /(having been )taken to BJ当的主语与主句的主语不一致时，要在doing 前加物主代词或名词所有格（即：动名词复合结构）His carelessly driving cost his life.Whats troubling us is their not completing the project.Do you mind my/me opening the door?1、作主语时，只用“Ones +doing”2、作宾语或表语时，用“宾格+doing”或（ones +doing)如：The father insisted on _(儿子上） to college.（玛丽生病） made her mother upset. （他起床晚） led to his being late._(他的粗心开车)cost his lifeWhats troubling us is _ _ (他们没完成)the project.用法 1、动名词作主语如：Seeing is believing.常用作形式主语Its no use /good arguing with him.Theres no use /good doing I find it no use /good /useless doingThere is no doing（口语常用）译为：不可能，无法如：Theres no telling when he will be back.2、动名词作宾语动词后介词后或某些词组后Cant help,cant stand,be worth,feel like,succeed in,Prevent/stop/keep sb from doingInsist on ,burst out,be busy (in) doing be engaged in,be proud of ,think of ,set about用于某些句型中Have difficulty(trouble,a hard time ,fun ) ( in ) doing sthThere is difficulty (trouble,a hard time) (in ) doing sthIts no use /no good doing下列词组中“to”为介词后接doing Be/get used to , stick to, object to/be opposed to(反对), lead to, devote.to （致力于/花时间干） get down to（开始认真干）， look forward to, pay attention to, make contributions to， see to (负责，留意，照料，处理）Want/need/require+doing/to be doneAdvise/allow/permit/forbid+doing/sb to do三、过去分词（done/written)1 否定形式：not written2 表示被动或完成_(give)enough time,the children can cooperate better.Greatly _(encourage),we made up our mind to carry on the hard work.The meeting _(hold) yesterday was about the air pol lution.3 单个分词常做前置定语 既表被动又表完成：Used booksThe lost time can never be found again.She is wearing an excited expression.只表完成The changed situationThe fallen leavesThe retired teacherThe developed country4 过去分词短语只作后置定语The story written by Lu Xun is popular in the campus.The books ,published in 1989, hit the school.四、区别作主语时Reading English novels is really great fun.动名词指一般抽象、泛指或一个已完成的动作To read English novels this evening will take most of my time.具体的某一次行为或将来的动作注意：1 “done”不作主语，要用“being done”Being explored to the sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin.2 不定式作主语多用“it”作形式主语，It is a pleasant experience to walk in this park.但动名词-ing 较少使用it。只有下列情况：It is no good /useless/no use/fun/interesting+doing 用it作形式主语3 不定式的逻辑主语用“for /of”引出For/of sb to doIts kind of you to help me .Its hard for you to learn English well. 动名词的逻辑主语用“ones /名词所有格/宾格+doing”引出His /li Mings being late made his parents angry.4 对称结构Seeing is believing To see is to believeTo waste time is to kill yourself.作表语1 表示一般概念时doing/to do 可以互换What she likes is watching /to watch children play.His favourite hobby is collecting /to collect old coins.但 Wish,hope,desire,dream,plan,order,decision 作主语时，表语多用to doMy wish is to go abroad .2 表示具体的个别动作或有将来含义时，用to do；而doing表示一般、抽象（同作主语）Our aim is to help the old lead a happy life.My job is teaching .3 Doing done 作表语的区别Doing 表示主语的性质或特征，与句子主语是主谓关系，多译为：“令人的，多修饰物”The news is surprising .The teacher felt tom was satisfying.The film is interesting .the meeting is boring.Done 作表语时，一般表示主语所处的状态。“（人）感到的” ，多修饰人，与句子主语是被动关系I was deeply moved by the moving story.注意：英语中有一类表感情或情绪的使动词：Surprise,please,satisfy,interest,excite,move,puzzle ,frighten,disappoint,astonish,bore多物作主语，人作宾语“使人”The news surprised me greatly.形容人的音容笑貌，用-edAn excited voice/face/look /expression用名词表达“令人的” : (Much) to ones surprise作宾语时Doing/to do 相差不大的有：Continue / start / begin / hate / like / love / prefer / attempt + doing / to doDoing /to do 相差大的有：Try / regret / forget / remember / cant help / mean / go on / stopI regret to tell you that I cant comeI regret missing /having missed his lecture. 补足语1、感官动词 如：feel,listen to,hear,look at,notice,see watch,observe,smell, findWhen I entered the room,I found him _(listen) to the radio.I often heard the song_(sing) in the next room.I often heard him _(sing) in the next room.II saw him _(enter) the office and then _(come )out.小结：-ing作宾补表主动、进行 done 作宾补表被动、完成 ( to) do作宾补表动作的全过程、或经常2、使动词 make,get,have,keep,leave,catch set,startThe two cheats had their lights_(burn) all night longThough he had often made his sister_(cry),today he was made_(cry) by his sister.With a lot of problems _ (solve),the new president is having a hard time.He tried to get the car _(go).小结：Get/have sth done 见 Have sb do/ get sb to do Have sb doing让某人一直干Get sb doing ： 使 开始动起来，使发动，使干起来Get the children moving,the car going,the machine running作定语时时态不同To do :要发生的 主动 to be done 要被的-ing :正在进行的 主动 being done 正在被的done:被动又 完成The bridge built last yearThe bridge to be built next yearThe bridge being built nowThe man _(travel ) around the world next yearThe man _(travel) around these monthsThe man _(环游) the world last year现在分词作定语时，动作多表进行或与谓动几乎同时发生，若两个动作有先后，一般不用分词作定语。而要用定语从句。Do you know anything_ yesterday?A.happened B happening C that happened D to happenThe boy _ (come) to me this morning is my brother.Those _(finish)their work can go home now.Is their anyone_(answer) the question?有些 -ing不能或一般不可作后置定语1、Having done/having been done一般不作后置定语或补足语，除非为非限制性后肢定语2、有些Being done3、Being +adj.Most of the people being invited to the party were famous.The problem having been discussed for 2000 years has now been solved.Any one being fit for the job can sigh your name here.Any one (who is )fit for the job can sigh your name here.The question ,having been discussed for 2000 years, has now been solved. 作状语（主语一致）1、不定式作状语表示目的/结果目的 to do =in order to/so as to/结果 only to do 2、 A .Written very well, the novel sells well. B. Being written very well, the novel sells well. A.Being encouraged by his speech , we made up our minds to make more efforts. B. Encouraged by his speech ,we made up our minds . A. Read many times ,the story seems much easier. B. Having been written many times,.但与Not 连用时，多用 -ingNot being included,I have to attend another interview.Not being tested ,all the products will have to lose their market.五、与主句主语不一致时，用独立结构或with 结构不定式独立结构1、表示伴随They divided the work,John to wash the vegetables and Mary to cook the meal.A number of students sat around the professors,some to ask questions,some to discuss among themselves.2、插入语To be brief简而言之, to be exact精确地说,to be frank老实说,to put it straight直截了当,to make matters worse更糟的是,to start/begin with首先(句首）更不用说：not to mention,not to speak of ,let alone,not to say（句尾）动名词独立结构1、名词/代词+doing 表示主动意义Mary coming back,they discussed it together.It being fine,we went for a walk.2、There + being 结构 多放句首，being不省略There being nothing to do,we played games.There being no customers,they closed the store.插入语Judging from/by从. 来看,allowing for考虑到 ,coming to论及，说到,not excepting也包括,leavingon one side抛开 不谈,taking sll into account/consideration全盘考虑过去分词独立结构：表被动意义The question settled,the meeting was over.He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.His work finished ,he prepared to go home.六、With/without 短语He fell asleep with he light _(burn)With a lot of things _(solve),the manager will have a hard time .Its bad manners to sit with your foot_ (point)towards others.He was lying with his eyes _(shut)注意：With/by/through/on/from +to do 相当一个定语从句She had only $50_ (用它买)her husband a gift.She is a nice women _ ( 和她工作)He opened the window _(从那里欣赏)the hill.练习1.Fishing is his favorite hobby,and _ (collect)coins are also his hobby.2._(devote) to _ (look) after her sick father,she badly needed a holiday.3._(devote) two years to4.a group _(call) itself the League of Peace5.a group _( call )the League of Peace6.-for what was he so unhappy? -_ (因为丢了足球赛的票）7.the fire _(发生）was seen _ ( 燃烧)the next morning.There is more land than the government knows_(处理 ) it.定语一 作名词的前置修饰语1 When they reached the burning building, they found that their ladders were not long enough to reach the people who were trapped 2 When we arrived, we were given printed question papers. 二 作名词的后置修饰语1 Einstein was able to prove that light coming from the stars was bent as it passed the Sun.(coming from the stars 相当于定语从句 which comes from the stars.) 2 It came from the work songs sung by black people and had its roots in Africa. (后置。相当于定语从句 which were sung by black people)The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C.did not include women players until 1912. A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playing过去 分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作以完成。 现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。 不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。所以A是正确的。First played in 776B.C.=which was first played in 776 B.C.1.The ship which was traveling to the west coast of the United States from Korea was caught in a severe storm.The ship _ was caught in a severe storm.2. Holmes carefully examined the seat of the chair which stood against the wall.The seat of the chair _ was carefully examined by Holmes.作状语1 Walking slowly across the grass, he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired.（V-ing 分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语是he；walking的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，相当于While/When(he was )walking slowly across the grass ）2 Seen from space, the earth looks blue. This is because two-thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans. (作时间状语或条件状语，相当于When/If the earth is seen from space, it looks blue.)3 The fish have very sharp teeth; they can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones. (分词短语作结果状语，其逻辑主语是the fish，与句子主语一致。)4 The sperm whale therefore has to look for the squid, using sound waves.(V-ing分词短语表示行为方式；using与句子谓语动词has to look for同时发生。)5 Piles of stones lie in a corner of the courtyard, waiting to be replaced. (V-ing分词短语表示与谓语动词lie同时发生的伴随动作；其逻辑主语是piles of stones，与句子的主语一致。)6 The room, although supposed to be kept locked, was often left open. (作让步状语，其逻辑状语是the room；当过去分词作时间，条件，让步等状语时，其前还可加when, once, if, although等连词.)7“Dr Watson and I will spend the night, locked in your room.”(作状语，表示伴随状况或方式。)ExercisesComplete each of the following sentences using V-ing or V-ed forms.1. While we were backpacking in the mountains, we admired the scenery around us.2. Einstein was a shy person, so he found it hard to get along with the other boys.3. Mr Holmes and Dr Watson followed the girl up the stairs to her room.The girl went up the stairs to her room,_4.After he had spent three hours doing his homework, he was completely worn out.5.When he was asked how he gained first place, he suddenly became cheerful.6. The boys walked round the town centre. They looked at the sights and took photos.The boys walked round the town centre,_例 NMET1998European football is p