英语情景交际的基本原则.doc

- 7 - 情景交际的基本原则考点巩固众所周知，历届高考英语科试题的命制都要遵循稳定性和连续性的原则，2005年英语科考试说明的说明中所提到英语知识运用的命制原则为： 1、语言必须放在实际的并尽可能不同的情景中运用。 2、 语言必须适合具体的交际行为。 3、考核的焦点在于是否达到交际的目的。 4、语言交际行为除了需要语言能力外，还需要文化等其他的能力。 从这些命题原则我们可以看出2005年浙江省和全国各地的高考英语也同样遵循了以上原则的。英语的交际性和实用性是浙江省2005年高考考查的热点和难点，因此我们还应该把英语的交际性仍然当成2006年高考英语备考的重点，高考情景对话比重大近年来高考英语知识运用题逐渐加大了交际英语中情景对话的比重，引起了广泛的关注。该类试题体现了以下特点：1、 以情景为条件，以对话为主要表达形式；2、 既短小又灵活，前言后语连接紧凑，答语多呈现省略，增加了答案的隐蔽性；3、 主要考察英语的日常用语、习惯用语以及各种场合的交际性语言，并从实际出发，考查交际语言的运用能力。因此，高考英语备考既要掌握词汇、语法和阅读等方面的相应知识，更要在理解特定的语言情景下如何恰当地使用地道的英语表达习惯来交流思想、传递信息，考生应特别注意对中西方文化知识的了解，通过与中国文化的对照，积累认识，养成用地道的英语对生活中各种常见问题进行提问和作答的交际习惯，提高交际的得体性。同学们只有重视学习关于外语交际规则和交际模式的明确知识，才能防止中文思维定势的干扰和影响，形成正确英语思维方式。 考题剖析英语知识运用题对日常用语的考查应涉及高中英语课程标准所列举的全部41项内容。下面我结合最近这五年高考试题中考查交际用语中的情景对话的主要方面来分析一下： 一、 问候 二、 介绍 （这两项近五年暂未考到，复习时我们应该稍加注意。 ）三、 告别 1. - Its getting late. Im afraid I must be going now.- OK. _ . （20004年全国21） A. Take it easy B. Go slowly C. Stay longer D. See you 答案： D 四、 感谢和应答 本项近五年暂未考到，复习时我们应该稍加注意。 五、 祝愿、祝贺和应答 1.-Shall I give you a ride as you live so far away?-Thank you. _.(2005年江西卷21)AIt couldnt be better BOf course you canCIf you likeDIts up to you 答案：A 六、 道歉、遗憾和应答 1.-Oh dear ! Ive just broken a window . - .It cant be helped . （2005年全国31）ANever mind BAll right CThats fine DNot at all 答案：A2.-James, I am sorry I used your computer when you were away this morning.- . （2005年福建25）AThats all right BIts a pleasureCYou are welcome DDont mention it 答案：A 3. -Sorry to have interrupted you . Please go on. -Where was I ? -You _ you didnt like your fathers job. (2004年北京春招24) A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying 答案C 七、 邀请和应答 1.-Can I speak to Mr. Wang , please ? (2005年全国21) - A.Who are you ? BIm Wang . CSpeaking DAre you john ? 答案：C 2.-Do you think I could borrow your bicycle? -_（2005年浙江 5）AHow come? BTake your time. CYes, go on . DYes, help yourself. 答案：D八、 提供（帮助等）和应答 1.-Its cloudy outside. Please take an umbrella. - _. （2005年湖南卷21）A. Yes, take it easy B. Well, it just dependsC. OK, just in case D. All fight, youre welcome 答案C 九、 约会 -Good morning, Grand Hotel. 1 . - Lets go to a movie after work, OK? - _ （2005年山东卷33）A. Not at all.B. Why not?C. Never mind.D. What of it? 答案:B2.-How about eight oclock outside the cinema? -That _me fine. (20004全国26) A. fits B. meets C .satisfies D. suits 答案： D 3.- How about eight o clock outside the cinema? - That _ me fine. （2004年全国26） A. fits B. meets C. satisfies D. suits 答案：D 十、 意愿和希望 1. Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. Im sure we will win.Mike: _! (2005年广东卷21.)A. Congratulations B. Cheers C. Best wishes D. Good luck 答案： D 2. -What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game. - _. Whatever you want to do is fine with me. (2004年浙江27) A. It just depends B. Its up to you C. All right D. Glad to hear that 答案： B 请求、允许和应答 1. -Can I look at the menu for a few more minutes before I decide ? -Of course. _, sir. (2004年吉林、四川等21) A .Make yourself at home B. Enjoy yourself C. It doesnt matter D. Take your time 答案： D 2. - Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. - You have my computer if you dont take care of it. ( 2004年湖南28) A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt 答案:A 十一、 同意和不同意 1. - I dont mind telling you what I know. - You . Im not asking you for it. ( 2004年江苏2)2. -People should stop using their cars and start using public transport.-_ . The roads are too crowded as it is.(2005年浙江10)AAll rightBExactly CGo ahead DFine 答案： B3. - Itll take at least 2 hours to do this! - Oh, _. I could do it in 30 minutes. （2005年天津卷3） A. come on B. pardon me C. you are right D. don t mention it 答案：C 解题技巧 情景交际解题要注意”四忌”情景交际单选题属“语言功能”考核项目，能较全面考查学生交际能力的正确性和适宜性，并测试考生对英语国家的社会文化背景的了解。在解答该类题目时，学生由于缺乏深层次交际能力和必要的解题技巧，容易步入一些误区，现将常见的误区总结为学生“解题四忌”，以供参考。 四忌要点诠释实例解析一忌上词下用上词下用指的是答句部分延用了题干句子的重点词、信息词，按表层意思似乎合情合理，但往往为错误的“虚像”，需经进一步分析后才能确定正确选项。典型的例子如用“I dont”应答“Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow”，用“Dont be sorry”回答“Im sorry I broke your mirror”，以及用“No thanks”回答“Thank you ever so much for the book you sent me.”避免“上词下用”的误区，一是确认题目涉及的交际功能项目，二是确认句子上下文语境，三是确认正确的话语方式。I wonder if I could use your telephone. _. A.I wonder how B.I dont wonder C. Sorry， its out of order D. No wonder, here it is尽管该题中反复出现“wonder”一词，但通过仔细审题可确定其考查的功能项目为征求对方意见，问句相当于“Could I use your telephone?”综合语境和话题的分析，正确的答话方式一般为“Of course you can”（肯定）或“Sorry, you cant”（否定），也只有C项符合题意，A、B、D项均属典型的“上词下用”现象，而且D项中的“No wonder”意思为“难怪 ”，更是和题干内容相差甚远。二忌中文思维与上词下用比较，这一误区更具迷惑力，因为无论按题目内容或是按思维方式来考虑，都非常符合中国学生的习惯。显然，掌握英汉两种语言和文化之间的相同和相异之处，对于准确解题至关重要。学生解题失误之一是按汉语的表达方式和结构去套英语，去选答案，这属于语言知识的“负迁移”。Do you think its going to rain over the weekend? _A.I dont believe B.I dont believe it C.I believe not so D.I believe not以Do you think?这样的句子来提问，用D项来回答表示否定，显然不符合中文的表达习惯，这也正是许多学生选了A、B、C项的原因。另一个更常见的失误是套用中国文化模式。违背英语国家的思维方式和文化习俗，这属于文化方面的“负迁移”。此类例子有： 1.Id like to invite you to dinner tomorrow.Oh, no. Thatll be too much trouble. （正确答话为：Im very sorry, but） 2.Thank you ever so much for the book you sent me. Please dont say so. （正确答话：Im glad you like it） 3.Hi, havent seen you for ages! You look fine! Oh, no . （正确答话为：Thanks. You look well ,too） 三忌直接回绝这主要是指在对方要求得到帮助，提出请求或邀请时，回答过于直接，不够委婉，尽管从语义角度分析是没毛病的，但不符合英语国家的交际习惯。“请求”方面的问 话有May I?/Can I?/I wonder if I could/Do you mind if I?等，“邀请”方面 的问话有Will you?/Would you like to?/Id like to invite to等。在作否定回答 时，为了表示礼貌和委婉，通常要用一些委婉词，如but ,Im afraid, Im sorry , thanks, please ,had better等I didnt know this was a one-way street, officer . _ A. Thats all right. B.I dont believe you. C. How dare you say that? D. Sorry, but thats no excuse.许多考生可能选了B、C项，这是没有注意到西方人生活、工作中交往的必要礼节，答话时过于生硬，没有顾及他人感情，而正确答案D项正是在充分考虑到说话双方的身份，彼此之间的关系以及说话人的立场和态度的基础上做出的选择。四忌答非所问应该说答非所问的错误比较容易察觉，如果问话与答话的内容风马牛不相及的话，学生可以迅速排除。但有时双方会话内容有所关联，但仔细推敲发现其实答语并不切题。最典型的例子是With pleasure和Its a pleasure。前者一般在事前回答 ，表示“非常愿意”。后者一般在事后回答，表示“不用客气”。3.-Im taking my driving test tomorrow. -_! A. Cheers B. Good Luck.C. Come on D. Congratulations A、C、 D三想明显与问句的主题无关，属于答非所问的忌违现象，正确的答案为B项。其它 类似的例子还有： 1.Let me introduce myself. Im Albert.What a pleasure（正确答话为：Pleased to meet you） 2.Im sorry I broke your mirror.Oh,really?Its OK with me.（正确答话为：It doesnt matter） 要避免此类错误，一要掌握常用的功能意念会话项目，特别是一些口语式的固定搭配；二要理解对话交际场合和交际意图，理出答题思路。情景交际单元测试1. -Mr. White, somebody wants you on the telephone?-_ no one knows Im here.A. SurelyB. AndC. ButD. So2. - Could you do me a favor and take the papers to my office? - Yes, _.A. for pleasureB. I could C. my pleasureD. with pleasure3. - Robert, lets go to a movie after work, OK? - _A. Not at all.B. Why not?C. Never mind.D. Whats it for?4. -Mike, our team will play against that of Class One this weekend. Im sure we will win.-_!A. Congratulations B. Cheers C. Best wishes D. Good luck5. -This is Tom from Cotton House . Could I speak to Mr. Smith, please ? -_A. Hello. B. Im Mr. Smith. C. Who are you? D. Speaking.6. -Would you mind my coming over and having a look at your new garden ?My little daughter is so curious about those flowers you grow. - . Youre welcome.AYes ,I do BNever mindCYes ,pleaseDNot at all7. - Its cloudy outside. Please take a raincoat with you. - _.A. Yes, take it easy B. Well, it just dependsC. OK, just in case D. All right, youre welcome8. - How about putting some pictures into the report?-_A picture is worth more than a thousand words.A. No way. B. Why not? C. All right? D. No matter.9. -Shall I give you a ride as you live so far away from here? -Thank you. _.AIt couldnt be better BOf course you can CIf you likeDIts up to you10. -Would you like some more coffee? -_, please. ANo moreBJust a littleCIve had enoughDYes, I would11. -Can I speak to Mr. Black, please ? - AWho are you ? BIm Wang . CSpeaking . DAre you john ?12. -Oh dear ! Ive just broken a window of your house. - .It cant be helped .ANever mind BAll right Cthats fine DNot at all 13. -Do you think I could borrow your cellphone? -_AHow come?BTake your time. CYes, go on DYes, help yourself.14. -People should stop using their private cars and start using public transport, like buses, trains, subways and so on .-_ . The streets in Zhejinag are too crowded as it is in Hangzhou .AAll right BExactly CGo ahead DFine 15. -My family in Australia usually go skating for summer vacation, I like skating, but I want to try something different this year. -_A. Lets go. B. Cheer up. C. Like what? D. Take care.16. - Im very sorry to have missed you at this mornings meeting, Diana.-_, but if I hadnt had to meet a friend, I would have been there. A. Me. too B. Im sorry C. Never mind D. Thank you17. - Hello. Id like to book a single room for the nights of the 18th and 19th. -_ A What can I do for you? B Just a minute please. C Whats the matter? D At your service.18.-Shall we go to the art exhibition right away? - . A. Its your opinion B. Never mind C. Its all up to you D. Thats your decision19. -Im terribly sorry I broke your glass. - .A. Thats right B. Bad luck C. Sorry D. You can forget it 20. -Wed like you to start work in our company tomorrow if possible.-Im sorry, but I cant possibly start until next Monday. _?ADo you agree with me BIs that a good ideaCDo you think Im right DW