郝老师sat语法每日一讲——明喻暗喻.doc

郝老师sat语法每日一讲7月5日Simile 明喻Simile：（明喻）用like, as, asas, as if, as though, resemble, have a resemblance to, suggest, seem to等明显性词连接两类不同的事物。（1）（本体、喻体、喻词）缺一不可。（2）喻词必须是like, as, asas, as if, as though等明显性喻词。(3) 两物在性质上十分不同，但在某一方面相似。明喻与暗喻的区别：明喻把喻体和本体说成相似；暗喻干脆把本体和喻体说成是一致的。喻词。1. 本体+动词+as/like+喻体 e.g.: The elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. He declared that whites and negroes could live together only as master and man. 2. As/Just as+喻体，so+本体+喻体 （就像B一样, A也） e.g.: As cold water to thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our mind. 3. 本体+动词+as though/as if+喻体+动词 （A.好像B） e.g.: She looked both young and aging, as if she had just emerged from an illness or some crisis.He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.4. What + 喻体，that+本体 （A对于就象/好比B对于一样） e.g.: What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to conversation. What food is to man, that manure is to crops.5. 本体+to be+名词（本体）+what /as +喻体+to be+名词（喻体）（A对好比B对一样） e.g.: Reading is to be the mind what/as exercise is to the body. Air is to us what/as water is to fish. 6. 主语+动词+no more/less+本体+than+喻体或主语+not +本体+any more +than+喻体 （正如一样） e.g.: Our village is no less beautiful than this picture. A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing. Nations are not to be judged by their size any more than individuals.7. 本体+be+as+喻体 （A象B一样.） e.g.: Her face blushed, becoming as red as an apple. Death may be as heavy as Mount Tai or as light as a feather. The full green hills are (as) round and soft as breasts.8. 主谓+not as/so+本体+as+喻体 (不是A，而是B) e.g.: He thought not so much of possible death as of the urgent need to win, to defeat the enemies. e.g.: Right now, it is not their accountants who are holding the companies back so much as their legal advisers. 9. 主语+may/might +as well+动词+喻体+as+动词+本体 （不如; 最好; 还是好） e.g.: You may as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument. 你劝我停止辩论还不如劝我抛弃我的财产。 You never listenI might as well talk to a brick wall (as talk to you). 你从来不听我的话我不如对着墙说话。Metaphor 暗喻、隐喻Metaphor：（隐喻）两类不同事物（本体和喻体）之间含蓄地比较，以表明相同关系的比喻。隐喻不用喻词连接本体和喻体，有时甚至本体和喻词都不出现，用喻词代替本体。 暗喻 明喻1. Kindness is the golden chain Kindness is like the golden chainby which society is bound. by which society is bound. 2. Spare moments are the golden Spare moments are like the goldendust of time. dust of time. 3. The world is a stage. The world is like a stage. 隐喻中的喻体可以用不同的表达形式，主要有以下五种：1. 喻体带修饰语： The girl is a dead shot. He loves rosy cheek.2. 喻体与本体成同位关系： She was lady born, a jewel though probably she could do no more than just read and write. Jewel 表示她的高贵和地位。 The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker. Machine, broker都指man，man 是有血有肉有感情的，但machine与broker都是冷酷无情，这两个词都刻画出那个人的另冷酷无情。3. 隐去喻体，用动词表示喻义 He could not get rid of his stick now. His shriek sounded faintly, dulled by the billowing snow. 他现在仍然丢不下拐杖，她的尖叫声听起来模糊，备纷纷扬扬的大学压低了。 Shriek 为本体，dulled 表示like the dull voice, 它间接表示喻体的声音特征。 The boy is shooting up fast. Shoot up 指植物快速生长，隐去喻体plant，表示grow up as fast as a plant.4. 扩展式隐喻：这种隐喻一般有一个不变的本体，它带有一串的喻体，有时有两个以上的本体与喻体。 A bird in the hand is worth two in the brush. One of the greatest virtues is to grasp “now”. 第一句隐去本体，bird为喻体，以鸟指物的价值。第二句以grasp “now” 表示喻义，抓住机遇，求实际。第二句喻义是第一句的发展。5. 以格言或短语作喻体People who live in glass house should not throw stones.处于脆弱地位的人与应该攻击他人；正人正己。 People 为本体，live in the glasshouse 与throw stones 为喻体，指The people who are weak are like those who live in the glass house, should not attack others.Do not put the cart before the horse. 勿将本末倒置。Do not wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。Give him an inch and he will make a mile. 得寸进尺。Look before you leap. 三思而后行。Strike the iron while it is hot. 趁热打铁。You cant make an omelet without breaking eggs. 做事不可畏首畏尾。Tomorrow is another (new day). 重振旗鼓，东山再起。6. Other examples: He has a microwave smile that warms another person without heat. Ive got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight. Her round pillar of a throat was white than ever. A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to a stop. The ship spread its wings to the breeze. Analogy (类比)Analogy（类比）：就两种本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较。从结构上看，它常常既带有比喻的明喻有直接把本体说成喻体的隐喻。它是通过比喻手法的综合运用来说明道理和情况。运用analogy可以把陌生的东西变为熟悉的东西，把深奥的道理浅显化，把抽象的事理具体化形象化。1. It is with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet each believes his own. 上述情况表明，类比在形式上很像明喻（有比喻词as）但区别在于：作者还进一步说明了产生差别的道理，而不像明喻和暗喻那样把具体情况统统留给读者去想象。2. The inspiration for a story is like “a pull on the linethe outside signal that has startled or moved the creative mind to complicity and brought the story to active being”作者把小说创作灵感的产生同水中的鱼拖动钓线类比，说明具有创造性的头脑受到外部信息的触动、启发、产生共鸣，并把小说创作出来。3. Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set: 德行犹如宝石，朴素最美；Personification (拟人)Personification: 它实际上也是一种比喻，尤其是隐喻。其形式是通过把原属于人所特有的品质、行为、情感等赋予大自然其他有生命或无生命的东西，使它们具有类似人的特征。因此，也有人把拟人法叫做“静物动化”的一种修辞技巧。The sun kissed the green fields. The thirsty desert drank up the water. 拟人法虽然本质上是一种隐喻，但有两个特点：1. 与人相联系，包括人特有的形象、动作、情感。2. 通常用动词、形容词、副词、副词性短语，利用这类具有动态或描述性的词语“移花接木”，达到借物喻人的目的。若用名词，则变成了simile or metaphor.比较：The little goat was so fussy that he often cried for wolf. The little goat was like the shepherd who often cried for wolf. The little goat became a shepherd who often cried for