银行产业,电脑硬.doc

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This work is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense. The Software Engineering Institute is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense. 此文件由美國國防部贊助。軟體工程學院是由美國國防部提供官方基金所成立的研究 發展中心。 Copyright 2006 by Carnegie Mellon University. 卡內基美隆大學版權所有 2006。 NO WARRANTY 無擔保 THIS CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTITUTE MATERIAL IS FURNISHED ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AS TO ANY MATTER INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY, EXCLUSIVITY, OR RESULTS OBTAINED FROM USE OF THE MATERIAL. CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY DOES NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO FREEDOM FROM PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT. 卡內基美隆大學軟體工程學院係以文件交付時的狀況提供文件。卡內基美隆大學對任 何明示、默示的事情不做任何擔保，其中包括但不限於符合特定用途的擔保和適售性， 尤其是使用此文件所產生的結果。卡內基美隆大學對於任何關於免除專利，商標或著 作權侵害不做任何擔保。 Use of any trademarks in this report is not intended in any way to infringe on the rights of the trademark holder. 使用此報告內的任何商標不能以任何方式侵害商標所有人的權利。 Internal use. Permission to reproduce this document and to prepare derivative works from this document for internal use is granted, provided the copyright and “No Warranty” statements are included with all reproductions and derivative works. 內部使用。複製此文件或利用此文件衍生的文件，只要版權及無擔保的聲明包含於所 有的複製文件及衍生文件內，可允許於內部使用。 External use. Requests for permission to reproduce this document or prepare derivative works of this document for external and commercial use should be addressed to the SEI Licensing Agent. 外部使用。複製此文件或利用此文件衍生的文件於外部或商業用途，應向軟體工程學 院授權中心提出申請。 This work was created in the performance of Federal Government Contract Number FA8721-05-C-0003 with Carnegie Mellon University for the operation of the Software Engineering Institute, a federally funded research and development center. The Government of the United States has a royalty-free government-purpose license to use, duplicate, or disclose the work, in whole or in part and in any manner, and to have or permit others to do so, for government purposes pursuant to the copyright license under the clause at 252.227-7013. 此文件是卡內基美隆大學軟體工程學院，官方提供資金成立的研究發展中心，執行聯 邦政府合約號碼 FA8721-05-C-0003 所產生。美國政府擁有免技術權利金政府使用許可 (royalty-free government-purpose license)，以全部或部分或任何方式使用，複製或公布 此文件。或根據版權許可條款 252.227-7013 允許他人做相同的事。 For information about purchasing paper copies of SEI reports, please visit the publications portion of our Web site (/publications/pubweb.html). 有關於購買 SEI 報告複本的資訊，請拜訪我們網站的著作位置出版品部分 (/publications/pubweb.html)。 The following service marks and registered marks are used in this document: 此文件使用下列服務標章及註冊商標： Capability Maturity Model CMM CMM IntegrationSM CMMI IDEALSM SCAMPISM CMMI, CMM, and Capability Maturity Model are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. CMMI、CMM 及 Capability Maturity Model 註冊於美國專利商標局。 CMM Integration, SCAMPI, and IDEAL are service marks of Carnegie Mellon University. CMM Integration、SCAMPI 及 IDEAL 是卡內基美隆大學的服務標章。 CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 i Preface CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 ii 前言前言 CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) is a process improvement maturity model for the development of products and services. It consists of best practices that address development and maintenance activities that cover the product lifecycle from conception through delivery and maintenance. CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration)是一個 針對產品與服務發展的流程改善成熟度模式。它包含 發展與維護活動的最佳執行方法，涵蓋產品生命週期 的起始到交付與維護。 This latest iteration of the model as represented herein integrates bodies of knowledge that are essential for development and maintenance, but that have been addressed separately in the past, such as software engineering, systems engineering, hardware and design engineering, the engineering “-ilities,” and acquisition. The prior designations of CMMI for systems engineering and software engineering (CMMI-SE/SW) are superseded by the title “CMMI for Development” to truly reflect the comprehensive integration of these bodies of knowledge and the application of the model within the organization. CMMI for Development (CMMI-DEV) provides a comprehensive integrated solution for development and maintenance activities applied to products and services. 此模式之最新版本整合了發展與維護所必需的知識體 系，但是在過去它們已被各別記載的，例如軟體工程、 系統工程、硬體與設計工程、工程服務品質與籌獲採 購。前一個適用於軟體工程及系統工程的 CMMI 版本 CMMI for systems engineering and software engineering (CMMI-SE/SW)被標題適用於發展的 CMMICMMI for Development所取代，以真實地 反映這些知識體系的廣泛整合以及在組織中的模式應 用。適用於發展的 CMMICMMI for Development (CMMI-DEV)針對應用於產品與服務的發展與維護活 動，提供一個廣泛整合的解決方案。 CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 iii CMMI for Development, Version 1.2 is a continuation and update of CMMI version 1.1 and has been facilitated by the concept of CMMI “constellations” wherein a set of core components can be augmented by additional material to provide application-specific models with highly common content. CMMI-DEV is the first of such constellations and represents the development area of interest. CMMI for Development 1.2 版本是 CMMI 1.1 版本的 持續更新，並且利用 CMMI 的群集概念加以簡化， 群集是一組核心組件的集合，可以利用額外的資料來 新增以提供高度共通內容給特定應用模式。CMMI- DEV 是這些群集中最早公佈的，以呈現有興趣的發展 領域。 Purpose 目的 The purpose of CMMI for Development is to help organizations improve their development and maintenance processes for both products and services. CMMI for Development is a collection of best practices that is generated from the CMMI Framework.1 The CMMI Framework supports the CMMI Product Suite by allowing multiple models, training courses, and appraisal methods to be generated that support specific areas of interest. CMMI for Development 的目的是為了協助組織改善其 產品與服務之發展與維護流程。CMMI for Development 是一個源於 CMMI 架構的最佳執行方法 集合 1。CMMI 架構容許產生多個模式、訓練課程與評 鑑方法來支援有興趣的特定領域，以支援 CMMI 產品 系列。 A constellation is a collection of CMMI components that includes a model, its training materials, and appraisal-related documents for an area of interest. Currently there are three planned constellations supported by the version 1.2 model framework: development, services, 1 The CMMI Framework is the basic structure that organizes CMMI components and combines them into CMMI constellations and models. 1CMMI 架構是一個組織 CMMI 組件，並將它們整合到 CMMI 群集與模式的基本結構。 CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 iv and acquisition. “Additions” are used to expand constellations for specific additional content. 群集是一個 CMMI 組件的集合，包含一個有興趣領域 下之的模式、訓練工具教材，以及評鑑相關文件。目 前 1.2 版本的模式架構支援有三個已規劃的群集被 1.2 版本的模式架構所支援：發展、服務與採購。附加 被使用來擴展群集的特定額外內容。 This document contains the CMMI for Development constellation and contains both the base CMMI-DEV as well as CMMI-DEV with the IPPD addition (CMMI-DEV+IPPD). 本份文件包含 CMMI for Development 群集，並且包含 基本的 CMMI-DEV 以及有 IPPD 附加的 CMMI- DEV(CMMI-DEV+IPPD)。 If you are not using IPPD, ignore the information that is marked “IPPD Addition,” and you will be using the CMMI for Development model. 假如你目前沒有使用 IPPD，就忽略被標記為IPPD 補充說明附加的資訊，因此你將使用的模式即為 CMMI for Development 模式。 Unlike CMMI version 1.1, there is but a single model document that describes both the staged and continuous approaches to process improvement versus the prior use of two representations of staged and continuous in separate documents. This consolidated presentation of model material for both approaches was first used in the book, CMMI: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement. Thanks to Peter Gordon, publishing partner at Addison-Wesley Professional, and the books authors, Mary Beth Chrissis, Mike Konrad, and Sandy Shrum, we were able to use the books manuscript as the basis for developing CMMI version 1.2 Chrissis 2003. 不像 CMMI 1.1 版是使用個別文件來描述階段式與連續 式表述，這裡只用有單一模式文件來描述流程改善的 階段式與連續式表述。將這兩種表述的模式內容統一 描述最早是開始於在 CMMI: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement 這本書中。謝謝 Peter Gordon、出版商 Addison-Wesley 與本書作者 Mary Beth Chrissis、Mike Konrad 與 Sandy Shrum， CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 v 使我們能夠使用這本書的手稿當做發展 CMMI 1.2 版本 的基礎 Chrissis 2003。 Acknowledgments 致謝 Many talented people were involved as part of the product team for the CMMI v1.2 Product Suite. Three primary groups involved in this development were the Steering Group, Product Team, and Configuration Control Board. 許多菁英參與 CMMI 1.2 產品系列的產品團隊，三個主 要參與這個發展的群組是推動組、產品團隊、建構管 制委員會。 The Steering Group guides and approves the plans of the Product Team, provides consultation on significant CMMI project issues, and ensures involvement from a variety of interested communities. 推動組指引及核准產品團隊的計畫，提供 CMMI 專案 重要議題的諮詢，確認包含各種不同有興趣的社群。 The Product Team writes, reviews, revises, discusses, and agrees on the structure and technical content of the CMMI Product Suite, including the framework, models, training, and appraisal materials. Development activities are based on multiple inputs. These inputs include an A- Specification and guidance specific to each release provided by the Steering Group, source models, change requests received from the user community, and input received from pilots and other stakeholders SEI 2004. 產品團隊撰寫、審查、修訂、討論及認可 CMMI 產品 系列的架構及技術內容，包括架構、模式、訓練及評 鑑教材。發展活動是根據各種不同的來源。這些來源 包含推動組所提供的一份 A-規格與每一次釋出之指引 詳述、來自於使用者社群的變更請求、來源模式以及 來自於其它利害關係鍵人員的草案 SEI 2004。 The Configuration Control Board is the official mechanism for controlling changes to the CMMI models and Introduction to CMMI training. As CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 vi such, this group ensures integrity over the life of the product suite by reviewing all proposed changes to the baseline and approving only those changes that satisfy the identified issues and meet the criteria for the upcoming release. 建構管制委員會是一個控制 CMMI 模式與 Introduction to CMMI 訓練課程變更的正式機制。因此，此群組經 由審查所有被提議的基準變更，以及只核准滿足已識 別界定議題及符合下一個版本準則的變更，來確保產 品系列生命週期的完整性。 Members of these groups that were involved in developing CMMI v1.2, are listed in Appendix C. 附錄 C 列出參與發展 CMMI 1.2 版本之群組成員。 Audience 讀者群 The audience for this model includes anyone interested in process improvement in a development and maintenance environment. Whether you are familiar with the concept of Capability Maturity Models or whether you are seeking information to get started on your improvement efforts, this document will be useful to you. 本模式的讀者群包括任何對發展與維護環境之流程改 善有興趣的人。無論你是否熟悉能力成熟度整合模式 的內容或是你正在尋求資訊以開始進行你的改善工作， 這份文件都將有助於你。 This model is also intended for people who want to use an appraisal2 to see where they are, those who already know what they want to improve, and those who are just getting started and want to develop a general understanding of the CMMI for Development constellation. 2 An appraisal is an examination of one or more processes by a trained team of professionals using a reference model (e.g., CMMI) as the basis for determining strengths and weaknesses. 評鑑是經由受過專業訓練之團隊針對一到多個流程進行審視，並使用一個參考模式(例如：CMMI)來 當做決定優勢與劣勢的基準。 CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 vii 本模式的預期讀者包含想要使用評鑑來檢視它們目前 所處情況的人、已經知道該從哪裡進行改善的人、剛 剛開始進行的人以及想要對 CMMI for Development 群 集有一般性瞭解的人。 Organization of This Document 這份文件的組織 This document is available on the SEI Web site3 and serves as a guide for improvement of organizational processes. It is organized into three main parts: 這份文件可以由 SEI 網站 3取得以提供組織流程改善指 引。它主要被組織為三個主要部份： Part OneAbout CMMI for Development 第一單元關於 CMMI for Development Part TwoGeneric Goals and Generic Practices, and the Process Areas 第二單元一般目標、一般執行方法以及流程領域 Part ThreeThe Appendices and Glossary 第三單元附錄與詞彙 Part One, “About CMMI for Development,” consists of five chapters: 第一單元關於 CMMI for Development包含以下五 章： Chapter 1, “Introduction,” offers a broad view of CMMI and the CMMI for Development constellation. It introduces you to the concepts of process improvement, and describes the history of models used for process improvement and different process improvement approaches. 第一章，簡介，提供一個 CMMI 與 CMMI for Development 群集的廣泛概觀。本章以流程改善的 概念來引導你，並且描述用於流程改善的模式歷史 以及不同的流程改善方法。 3 The SEI Web site is located at . SEI 的網站位於 。 CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 viii Chapter 2, “Process Area Components,” describes all of the components of the CMMI for Development process areas. 第二章，流程領域組件，描述 CMMI for Development 流程領域下的所有組件。 Chapter 3, “Tying It All Together,” assembles the model components and explains the concepts of maturity levels and capability levels. 第三章，試著合而為一，組合模式組件與解釋成熟 度等級及能力度等級的概念。 Chapter 4, “Relationships among Process Areas,” provides insight into the meaning and interactions of the CMMI for Development process areas. 第四章，流程領域間的關係，針對 CMMI for Development 下所有流程領域的互動關係做更深的 剖析。 Chapter 5, “Using CMMI Models,” describes paths to adoption and use of CMMI for process improvement and benchmarking. 第五章，使用 CMMI 模式，描述 CMMI 在流程改善 與標竿學習上的採用與使用路徑。 Part Two, “Generic Goals and Generic Practices, and the Process Areas,” contains all of the CMMI for Development constellations required and expected components. It also contains related informative components, including component names, subpractices, notes, and typical work products. 第二單元，一般目標、一般執行方法以及流程領域， 包含所有 CMMI for Development 群集的必要的及期望 的組件。它也包含相關的助益的組件，包括組件名稱、 細部執行方法、註釋與典型的工作產品。 Part Two contains 23 sections. The first section contains the generic goals and practices, including a description of how they are used and how they relate to the process areas. The remaining 22 sections each represent one of the CMMI for Development process areas.4 To make these process areas easy to find, they are organized alphabetically by 4 A “process area” is a cluster of related best practices in an area, which when implemented collectively, satisfy a set of goals considered important for making significant improvement in that area. We will cover this concept in detail in Chapter 2. 流程領域是在一個區域中相關連的最佳執行方法群集，當被共同實行時，會滿足一組被認為重要 且具有顯著改善該區域的目標。我們將會在第 2 章詳述這個概念。 CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 ix process area acronym. Each section contains descriptions of goals, best practices, and examples. 第二單元包含 23 節。第一節包含一般目標與一般執行 方法，包含它們如何被使用以及與流程領域的關係之 描述。其餘的 22 節，每一節都描述一個 CMMI for Development 的流程領域 4。為了使這些流程領域容易 找到，流程領域的排列順序是以首字母的縮寫字來組 織。每一節均包含目標描述、最佳執行方法與範例。 Part Three, “The Appendices and Glossary,” consists of four information resources: 第三單元附錄與詞彙包含 4 個資訊資源： Appendix A, “References,” contains references you can use to locate documented sources of information such as reports, process improvement models, industry standards, and books that are related to CMMI for Development. 附錄A，參考資料，提供參考資訊以便你可以找到 有關於 CMMI for Development 的原始紀錄，例如 報告、流程改善模式、產業標準及書籍等。 Appendix B, “Acronyms,” defines the acronyms used herein. 附錄B，縮寫字，定義本文件所使用的縮寫字。 Appendix C, “CMMI for Development Project Participants,” contains lists of people and their organizations who participated in the development of CMMI for Development, Version 1.2. 附錄C，CMMI for Development 專案的參與者，包 含參與 CMMI for Development 1.2 版本發展的人員 及組織名單清單。 The “Glossary” defines many of the terms used in CMMI. 附錄D，詞彙，定義 CMMI 所使用的許多術語。 CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 x How to Use This Document 如何使用本文件 Whether you are new to process improvement, new to CMMI, or already familiar with CMMI, Part One can help you understand why CMMI for Development is the best model to use for improving your development and maintenance processes. 無論你不熟悉流程改善與 CMMI 或是已經熟悉 CMMI，第一單元都可以幫助你瞭解為什麼 CMMI for Development 是用來改善你發展與維護流程的最佳模 式。 Readers New to Process Improvement 不熟悉流程改善的讀者 If you are new to process improvement or new to the CMM concept, we suggest that you read Chapter 1, “Introduction,” first. Chapter 1 will give you an overview of process improvement and explain what CMMI is all about. 假如你不熟悉流程改善或是 CMM的內容，我們建議 你先開始閱讀第一章，簡介。第一章將會給你一個流 程改善的整體概念，並且解釋 CMMI 是什麼。 Next, skim Part Two, including generic goals and practices as well as specific goals and practices, to get a feel for the scope of the best practices contained in the model. Pay closest attention to the purpose and introductory notes at the beginning of each section. 接著下來，瀏覽第二單元，包含一般目標、一般執行 方法和特定目標及特定執行方法。察覺包含在此模式 下的最佳執行方法之範圍。將注意力放在每一節要開 始前的目的與引前言說明。 In Part Three, look through the references in Appendix A and select additional sources you think would be beneficial to read before moving forward with using CMMI for Development. Read through the acronyms and glossary to become familiar with the language of CMMI. Then, go back and read the details of Part Two. CMMI for Development Version 1.2 前言前言 xi 在第三單元，在移動到使用 CMMI for Development 前， 徹底察看附錄 A 的參考文獻以及挑選部份你認為有助 於你的閱讀的額外原始資料。徹底閱讀縮寫字與詞彙 以熟悉 CMMI 的用語，然後，回到第二單元做更細部 的閱讀。 Readers Experienced with Process Improvement 有經驗於流程改善的讀者 If you are new to CMMI but have experience with other process improvement models, such as the Software CMM (version 1.1) or the Systems Engineering Capability Model (i.e., EIA 731), you will immediately recognize many similarities EIA 1998. 假如你不熟悉 CMMI，但是有經驗於其它流程改善模式， 例如軟體能力成熟度模式 1.1 版本、系統工程能力成熟 度(例如 EIA 731)，你可以立即認知到有許多相似之處 EIA 1998。 We recommend that you read Part One to understand how CMMI is different from other process improvement models, but you may want to read some of the sections more quickl