中枢神经系统.ppt

Chapter 12 Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs,中枢神经系统的细胞学基础,神经元 神经胶质细胞 神经环路 突出与信息传递,神经元,神经元是CNS的基本结构和功能单位 神经元的主要功能设传递信息， 包括生物电和化学信息 典型的神经元由树突胞体 和轴索三部分 组成,Neuronal communication,神经胶质细胞,按形态分类：星型胶质细胞、 少突胶质细胞 、 小胶质细胞 和室管膜细胞 胶质细胞功能： 1）支持营养和绝缘，维持神经组织内环境的稳定 2）在CNS发育过程中引导神经元走向的作用， 3）灭火神经递质的作用 脑疾病： PD 、 HD Stroke 、 精神分裂症 药物成瘾,Neuroglia,神经环路,神经元参与神经调节是通过不同神经元组成的 各种神经环路进行的，通 过这些神经环路对大量的 信息进行处理和整合。 神经环路中进行信息传递作用的部位是突触。,excitation,inhibition,Balance in the CNS function,中枢神经递质 及其受体,乙酰胆碱 -氨基丁酸 兴奋性氨基酸 多巴胺 5-羟色胺 组胺 神经肽,Ion channels and receptors in the CNS,Voltage-gated ion channels (Na+, K+, Ca2+) Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) - GABA, nACh, NMDA receptors G-protein coupled receptors (Metabotropic receptors) - mACh, alpha, beta receptors, Tyrosine kinase coupled receptors - insulin Intracellular receptors - GC (glucocorticoids),Patch clamp for ion channel recording,神经递质： 神经调质： 神经激素：,名词解释：,神经活 性物质,胆碱能神经元分布,mAChR 90% mAChR1 50- 80%,nAChR 10%,Arousal, learning, memory and motor control Alzheimers Disease: a large reduction in cholinergic activity in the brain Parkinsons Disease: Hyperactivity of cholinergic control Pain transmission,Cholinergic functions,Brain GABAergic pathways,1. Short-ranging neurons in the cortex, thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum. 2. Medium/Long ranging neurons in: Striatum (2) thalamus (5), substantia nigra (22) Septum (14) hippocampus (19) Substantia nigra (22) thalamus (5), superior colliculus (23),GABA receptors are divided into A and B subtypes,GABA receptors,Functions of GABAergic neurons:,Cortical and thalamic GABAergic neurons are crucial for the inhibition of excitatory neurons. Benzodiazepines or barbiturates are helpful in the treatment and prevention of seizures. Modulation of GABAA receptors is beneficial in the treatment of anxiety disorders, insomnia, agitation - most likely due to a general inhibition of neuronal activity.,脑内在GABAA多， GABAB少。 GABAC 在视网膜,GABAA和GABAB分别介导哪种离子通道的开放？ 机理是什么？,思考题,Brain glutamatergic pathways,The cortico-cortical projections The connections between thalamus (5) and cortex (1) The projections from cortex (1) to striatum (2) (extrapyramidal pathway) and to brainstem (37, 38, 39)/spinal cord (40) (pyramidal pathway). The hippocampus (19) and the cerebellum (29) also contain many glutamatergic neurons.,Glutamate receptors,Functions of Glutamatergic neurons,Glutamatergic neurons and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus are important in the creation of long-term potentiation (LTP), a crucial component in the formation of memory. Cortical neurons use Glu as the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Excess stimulation of glutamatergic receptors, as seen in seizures or stroke, can lead to unregulated Ca+ influx and neuronal damage. Decreased glutamatergic function is thought to be involved in the creation of psychotic symptoms. Phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine can induce psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia.,Brain noradrenergic pathways,Cell bodies locate in 1. locus ceruleus (LC) 2. pons and medulla (reticular formation, RF ),(Medial forebrain bundle),(nucleus tractus solitarius ),It is suggested that NA play an important role in arousal and the reward system. Depression results from a functional deficiency of NA in certain parts of the brain, while mania results from an excess. However, this has been challenged by findings which suggests a more prominent role to serotonin (5-HT) in relation to mood.,Noradrenergic functions,Nigrostriatal pathway (黑质纹状体通路) 2. Mesolimic pathway (中脑边缘通路) 3. Mesocortical pathway (中脑皮层通路) 4. Tuberohypophyseal pathway (arcuate nucleus to pituitary gland) (结节漏斗通路),Brain dopaminergic pathways,D1 receptor family includes D1 and D5 （stimulation）while the D2 receptor family includes D2, D3 and D4 (inhibition).,Motor control (nigrostriatal system): Parkinsons Disease is associated with a deficiency of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Extrapyramidal effects usually accompany DA2 receptor blockade (e.g chlorpromazine). Behavioral effects: an excess of dopaminergic activity is associated with schizophrenia and produces stereotyped behaviour patterns, and can be produced by dopamine-releasing agents (e.g amphetamine) or dopamine agonists (e.g apomorphine). Neuroendocrine: Hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by DA, especially prolactin release (inhibited) and growth hormone release (stimulated).,Functions of dopaminergic neurons,Cell bodies locate in raphe nuclei,Brain serotonergic pathway,MFB,Serotonin receptors: 5-HT1-3,4?,Hallucinatory behavior, wet-dog shake Feeding behavior Control of mood and emotion Control of sensory pathways, including nociception Control of body temperature Vomiting (5-HT3),Serotonergic functions,学习和记忆的神经生物学基础,Hippocampus (海马),Sites of drug action.,action potential,Classification of CNS drugs,Sedative-hypnotics Anti epilepsy and convulsion drugs Drugs for Parkinsons disease Analgesics Central stimulants,Neurological（general and special）,Classification of CNS drugs,Antipsychotic drugs Anti-depression and mania drugs Drugs for dementia,Psychological,后面内容直接删除就行 资料可以编辑修改使用 资料可以编辑修改使用 资料仅供参