[英语]英语语法专题.doc

第27章 倒装句一.概念: 英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓误在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序二.相关知识点精讲按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装 。部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装 。1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Our teacher came in.In came our teacher.这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。Here it is.Away he went.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。Here comes the bus.Out rushed the boys.2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.Under a big tree _, half asleep.A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man satC. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。There came shouts for help from the river.There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.In front of the tower flews a stream.5. so + 动词+主语neither/ nor + 动词+主语表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is withYou can ride a bike. So can I .He has been to Beijing. So have I .The first one isnt good, neither is the second.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。We seldom get up at four in the morning.= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.9. hardlywhen; scarcelywhen; no soonerthan 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.10. not only but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时， 前面的句子要用倒装。Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用： only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.Only in this way can you make progress in your English.12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.三.巩固练习1._ and caught the mouse.A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumpedC. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat2._ and the lesson began.A. In came Mr Brown B. Mr Brown in cameC. In came he D. came in Mr Brown3.Over _ , dead.A. rolling the goat B. rolled the goatC. did the goat roll D. the goat rolled4.Where is my shirt, mum? _.A. There is it B. There it isC. There is D. Here is it5. Where is your father? Oh, _.A. here he comes B. he here comesC. here does he come D. here comes he6.The door opened and there _ .A. enters an old manB. entered an old manC. did an old man enterD. an old man entered7. Now _ your turn to recite the text.A. will come B. comes C. has come D. there is8.Often _ them not to smoke here.A. we advised B. advised meC. did we advise D. had we advised9._ playing soldiers.A. Inside the room were two boysB. Inside the room two boysC. Were two boys inside the roomD. Inside the room was two boys10. On the wall _ two large portraits.A. are hanging B. hanged C. hang D. hangs 11._ who was wounded in the stomach.A. Among them were a soldier B. Among them was a soldierC. Among them a soldier was D. Among they was a soldier12. Next door to ours _ , who is no less than eighty.A. that lives an old man B. does an old man liveC. lives an old man D. where lives an old man13.She plays the piano very well, _.A. so every one of us does B. every one of us doesC. so does every one of us D. so do every one of us14.You say he works hard, _, and _.A. so he does; so you do B. so he does; so do youC. so does he; so do you D. so does he; so you do15. I thought you women were present at the meeting. _.A. So we were B. So we did C. So were we D. So did we16.I dont think Jack will come today, _. A. nor will Mary B. and Mary doesnt C. Mary will either D. or Mary does17. She is fond of cooking, _I .A. so am B. nor am C. neither do D. nor do18.Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language .A. So it was with Engles B. So was it with EnglesC. So was Engles D. So did Engles19.A fish needs water and without water it will die._.A. So does a man B. So will a manC. So it is with a man D. So is it with a man20. So absorbed _ the work that she often forgot to _ her meals.A. had she been in; do B. she was in; makeC. was she in; take D. she had been in ; have21.So loudly _ that every one of the class could hear him.A. did he speak B. did he spoke C. spoke he D. he spoke22. _ his apperance that no one could recognize him.A. Strange so was B. So strange wasC. Was so strange D. So was strange23.Not once _ their plan.A. did they change B. they changedC. changed they D. they did change24. Never _ such a wonderful place as Hangzhou.A. are seeing B. had I seenC. I have seen D. have I seen25.Seldom _ TV during the day.A. they watch B. are they watchingC. have they watched D. do they watch26.Nowhere _ as in my garden.A. the flowers were so beautifulB. were the flowers so beautifulC. so beautiful were the flowersD. so beautiful the flowers were27. Hardly _ his homework when he went out.A. finished he B. he had finishedC. did he finish D. had he finished28.Scarcely _ finished their homework _ I came into the classroom.A. had they; than B. they had; whenC. had they; when D. did they; when29. Not only _ a promise, but also he kept it.A. has he made B. does he makeC. he made D. did he make30. Not until his comrades criticized him _ to admit his mistake.A. had he begun B. began heC. did he begin D. does he begin四.答案 15 CABBA 610 BBBDA1115 BCCBA 1620 BAACC2125 ABADD 2630 BDCDC 文章省略句一. 概念 英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句二.相关知识点精讲 1. 简单句中的省略：在对话中，交谈双方都知道谈论的对象，则可以省略句子的主语，省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。（1）Looks like rain.（2）Hope to hear from you soon.（3）Sounds like a good idea.（4）Beg your pardon.（5）Feeling better today ?（6）This way, please.（7）What does he want to eat ? Some rice and vegetables.（8）Anything I can do for you ?（9）Sorry to hear that.（10）Doesnt matter.（11）Terrible weather!（12）Pity you couldnt come.2. 并列句中的省略：在并列句中，相同的成分如主语，谓语，宾语等都可以省略：（1）They learn French and we English.（2）My father planned and built all these houses.（3）John won the first race and Jimmy the second.（4）Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life.3. 复合句中的省略：定语从句：（1）Thats the reason he is late for the conference.（2）I dont like the way he talks.状语从句：（1）If heated, water will boil.（2）Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river.（3）Well go to help you if necessary.（4）Had I time, I would come.（5）Ill go, should it be necessary.（6）The captain can find a boat quicker than we can.宾语从句：如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同，可将从句部分的谓语省略。（1）We will do what we can（do）to help you. （2）Is Mr. King in his office? Sorry, I dont know（whether he is in his office or not）.4. 动词不定式的省略：在动词不定式结构中，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。（1）Would you like to go with us ? Im glad to, but I have to finish my homework.（2）Dont tell me the name of the sailor if you dont want to.（3）Have you ever been to the seaside? No, we cant afford to.在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等结构中，常常省略to后面的动词原形。（1）They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.（2）He doesnt get up early as he used to.（3）Ill hand it in if I have to.（4）Would you like to come tonight ? Id love to.Tell , warn , order , advise , ask等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，可以省略to后面的动词原形。（1）He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.（2）The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.三.巩固练习1. _, I will help you with your work.A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible2. Do you follow me? Yes, _.A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good3. How are you getting on with your work ?Oh, Im sorry. Things arent going so well as _.A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan4. Are you a teacher? No, but I _. I worked in a middle school for three years.A. am B. will C. do D. was5. How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010? There will be only a few, if _.A. much B. some C. any D. many6. Why didnt you come to Mikes birthday party yesterday ? Well, I_, but I forgot it.A. should B. must C. should have D. must have7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients dont take medicine _.A. like directed B. to be directedC. as directed D. so that directed四.答案 CCCDCCC定语从句一.概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句二.相关知识点精讲 1.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语） 2.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 3.判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。4.限制性和非限制性定语从句 1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 5.介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club?6.as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。7.先行词和关系词二合一 1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）8. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：3） that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。9.关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b） 介词后不能用。例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c）先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。三.巩固练习1. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose2. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that3. In the dark street , there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whomD. to whom4. The weather turned out to be very good , _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it5.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where C. that D. when6Carol said the work would be done by October, personally I doubt very much.A. it B. that C. when D. which7Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _,of course , made the others unhappy.Awho Bwhich Cthis Dwhat 8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _ was very reasonable.A. which price B. the price of which C. its priceD. the price of whose9._ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.A. As B. It C. That D. Which 10. He lived in London for 3 months , during _ time he learned some English. A. this B. which C. that D. same11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue.A. whose B. of which C. which D. its12.Whenever I met him , _ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.A. what B. which C. that D. when13. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _ stands the famous tower. A. that B. where C. which D. there14.The boss _ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose15. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._ I got wet through .A. Its the reason B. Thats why C. Theres why D. Its how17. He made another wonderful discovery , _ of great importance to science.A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D.I think which is18.He was very rude to the customs officer, _ of course made things even worse.A. who B. whom C. what D. which19. a) He is an interesting speaker, and, _ is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly.b) He went to the meeting, and, _ was worse, insiste