[经济学]Strategies for IELTS__ Writings.ppt

IELTS Writing Training Program,Strategies for IELTS Writing,2. Write a Report (Academic),2.1 Task Analysis 2.2 Structure Planning 2.3 Typical Patterns 2.4 Basic Types 2.5 Assignment,2.1 Task Analysis6 questions,What kind of chart it is? What does it indicate? What are the details? What are the typical things? What can be concluded?,2.1 Task Analysis-case study,The chart below shows the number of HIV/AIDS cases and of drug addicts under 35 from 1985 to 2002. Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information shown below.,What kind of chart it is? What does it indicate? What are the details? What are the typical things? What can be concluded?,Bar chart the relationship between HIV/AIDS cases and drug addicts the number of HIV/AIDS cases and of drug addicts under 35 from 1985 to 2002. Both the number of AIDS cases and drug addicts under 35 increased dramatically from 1985 to 2002. In the past 17 years, with the increasing number of drug addicts, the number of AIDS cases has increased over 300 times. At the beginning of the 1990s, the speed of increasing was significant, reaching over 1000%. the drug abuse and AIDS have a close relationship. with the number of drug addicts increasing, the number of AIDS cases rises correspondingly.,2.2 Structure Planning,Introduction Body Conclusion The chart indicates. As is seen in the chart, From what has been presented in the chart, it can be concluded that,The chart indicates how many HIV/AIDS patients and drug addicts under 35 were found from 1985 to 2002. It also presents the relationship between drug addicts and AIDS cases. As is seen in the chart, both the number of AIDS cases and drug addicts under 35 increased dramatically from 1985 to 2002. According to the chart, the number of AIDS cases was 150 in 1985, while the number in 2002 was 50,000. At the same time, the number of drug addicts under 35 was 1,800 in 1985, and in 2002, the number soared to 500,000. That is to say, in the past 17 years, with the increasing number of drug addicts, the number of AIDS cases has increased over 300 times. Especially, at the beginning of the 1990s, the speed of increasing was significant, reaching over 1000%. Undoubtedly, the drug abuse and AIDS have a close relationship. From the chart we can see clearly the fact that with the number of drug addicts increasing, the number of AIDS cases rises correspondingly. In other words, drug abusing plays a crucial role in spreading AIDS from one to another.,2.3 Typical patterns: the introduction,The chart below shows the number of HIV/AIDS cases and of drug addicts under 35 from 1985 to 2002. 1) The chart shows the number of HIV/AIDS cased and of drug addicts under 35 from 1985 to 2002. 2) The chart indicates the number of HIV/AIDS cased and of drug addicts under 35 from 1985 to 2002. 3) This is a chart that indicates the number of HIV/AIDS cased and of drug addicts under 35 from 1985 to 2002. 4) The chart is an indication of the number of HIV/AIDS cased and of drug addicts under 35 from 1985 to 2002, which presents the relationship between drug addicts and AIDS cases. 5) The chart indicates how many HIV/AIDS patients and drug addicts under 35 were found from 1985 to 2002. It also presents the relationship between drug addicts and AIDS cases.,2.3 Typical patterns: the trends,Decrease, fall, decline, drop, Increase, rise, grow, climb, soar, Fluctuate, Stabilize, remain constant, stay unchanged Peak, climax, bottom, increase, decrease, growth, rise, drop, fluctuation, Sharply, rapidly, dramatically, Slightly, slowly, moderately, steadily, Gradually, roughly, considerably Sharp, dramatic, rapid, slight, slow, considerable, moderate, steady, gradual, rough The number of grew sharply from to There was a sharp growth in the number of The past decade saw a sharp growth in the number of The amount of stayed at The output of dropped by over,In 1960, 600 men in every 1,000 smoked. This number decreased gradually to 500 by 1974 and continued to drop by 2000. In contrast, the smoking rate for women was very low at only 80 in every 1,000 in 1960. By 1968, this figure increased to 170 and rose again more sharply to 320 in 1977. The rate of female smokers then remained stable at 320 until 1984, which saw a considerable drop.,2.3 Typical patterns: the figures,Account for, take up, make up, consume, constitute，rank, followed by Percentage, proportion, number, rate, portion It accounts for The number of is rank top, taking up ., followed by,The chart consists of seven segments. The largest one represents sporting group, which accounts for 24% of the total. Working group ranks the second largest and takes up 21%,followed by hound group and terrier group , which share the same percentage, namely 16 %. The proportion of toy group is 12% . The smallest percentages are given to non-sporting group and herding group, constituting 5% and 6% respectively.,2.3 Typical patterns: the Conclusion,In summary, we can draw the conclusion that To sum up, it can be concluded that In conclusion, we can see that To conclude, it can be seen that It is clear from the chart that It can be seen from the chart that people attending the dog competition favor sporting and working dogs more than other groups. From the table we can see clearly the fact that with the number of drug addicts increasing, the number of AIDS cases rises correspondingly.,2.4 Basic Types,Line chart Table/Figure Pie chart Bar chart Flow chart,2.5 Assignment,The line chart below shows the birth and death rates in a developing country.,The two curves show the fluctuation of birth and death rates from 1900 to 1970 in a developing country. Over the period from 1900 to 1910, the death rate remained constant. Since 1910, it began to rise rapidly and reached the peak of 60 per thousand in 1920. From 1920 to 1940, the death rate fell down steeply. There was a slight increase between 1940 and 1950. Since 1950, it began to decline again. On the other hand, before 1920, birth rate almost remained level. Then, since 1920, it started to drop until it recorded 30 per thousand in 1930. From 1930 to 1940, there was a significant rise, followed by a steady fall. From the chart, it can be seen that the death rates and birth rates had different trends. From 1900 to 1910, both rates leveled off, and since then, death rates were higher than birth rates; however, after 1930, death rates were surpassed by birth rates.,3. Write an Essay,3.1 Task Analysis 3.2 Structure Planning 3.3 Write & Check 3.4 Model Paragraphs 3.5 Assignment,3.1 Task Analysis: the topic,Major Topics Education and culture: schooling, upbringing, cultural shock, Social Issues: environmental protection, population control. Science and Technology: computer, internet, mobile phone Family Life: generation gap, kids breeding, the aged Government policy: health care, unemployment solution, Animal Protection: pets keeping, animal experiment, ,The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems. What are those problems? In order to reduce the problems, should we discourage people to use cars? Some people think that old people should not be forced by law to retire at the age of 60-65 if they wish to continue working. Do you agree with this point of view? Some people believe that personal happiness is directly related to economic success. Others believe there are other factors. Discuss the two sides and give your opinion. Nowadays people are living longer hence in some countries there are more old people than young people. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this issue?,3.1 Task Analysis: the type,Major Types Problem-Solution Agreement-Reasons Opinions Comparison Situation Analysis,The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems. What are those problems? In order to reduce the problems, should we discourage people to use cars? Some people think that old people should not be forced by law to retire at the age of 60-65 if they wish to continue working. Do you agree with this point of view? Some people believe that personal happiness is directly related to economic success. Others believe there are other factors. Discuss the two sides and give your opinion. Nowadays people are living longer hence in some countries there are more old people than young people. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this issue?,3.2 Structure Planning: the outline,Outline Introduction Body - Conclusion Case Study The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems. What are those problems? In order to reduce the problems, should we discourage people to use cars? Situation The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems. Problems Urban traffic is getting from bad to worse. Air quality in urban areas is deteriorating with each passing day. Solution To discourage people to use cars!,2.3. Write and Check: the Introduction,Introducing the topic Presenting the situation Paraphrasing the direction The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems. What are those problems? In order to reduce the problems, should we discourage people to use cars? Nowadays, the fast increase in the number of cars have brought along many related problems which are well worth our greatest attention. With the development of the global economy, more and more cars are running on the roads, bringing along many related problems.,2.3. Write and Check: Development,Discuss the problems/reasons/views To begin with, In addition,Last but not least, On one hand, On the other hand, Some, others In my opinion, First of all, urban traffic is getting from bad to worse. Id like to cite my own experience as an example. Five years ago, it took me about 30 minutes to drive from home to office. One year later, I needed to spend about 40 minutes on the way. Then two years later, I had to start out from home at least 1 hour earlier in order to get to my office on good time for work. And then, since last year, it has just been too normal for me to spend about one and half hours to make it. The traffic just moves like a worm！ Second, with the ever growing number of cars, air quality in urban areas is deteriorating with each passing day. We used to see clear blue sky and breathe fresh air, but now this would be a real luxury. Car exhaust has seriously polluted the air and peoples health is greatly endangered. It seems certain that we human beings have already made a fatal mistake that could only be remedied by bringing down the number of cars hugely. Sure, we can not deny the fact that cars have brought us speed, comfort and greater mobility. However, these have already been history. We are suffering much more from cars than benefiting from them. Our health conditions are going down rapidly both due to the polluted air that we have to breathe every second and our lack of exercise as a result of the ever increasing amount of time we have to spend behind the wheel!,2.3. Write and Check: Conclusion,Put forward the solutions/suggestions Summarize the ideas What can we do? From the foregoing discussion, Im sure we have already found a solution: to discourage people to use cars! I know very well that science and technology are also developing very fast and there might be better solutions coming up in the future, but, before that, lets first salvage ourselves in such a passive way!,3.4 Model Paragraphs (handouts),现象段 重要性 危害问题段 他人观点段 解释原因段 比较段 举例段 驳斥段,现象段,While decades ago fake commodities were practically unheard of in economic life, China is suffering from a boom in inferior and fake goods. According to a recent survey, more than 90 percent of those who were questioned admitted to having been tricked into purchasing fake products. Now it seems almost impossible to find one who would say he has never been influenced by bad product.,重要性,It is obvious that job interviews are indispensable to both employs and applicants. On the one hand, before making the selection, the interviewer will take advantage of the occasion, work experiences, personalities and even his career prospect. On the other hand, the applicant can make assessment about the nature of the position he has applied for, the credibility of the institution, and chances of advancement as well. Therefore, the interview is a prelude to employment.,危害问题段,However, the potential danger new technology poses cannot be ignored. New technology is, so to speak, a two-edged sword in that it can do good, but it can kill as well. For example, while automobiles have thoroughly changed peoples life, imagine how many people have died of mounting accidents and pollution they have caused. The technology of cloning gives hope of saving life that would be otherwise lost, but if it were used to create new human life, what nightmare mankind would walk into?,他人观点段,When it comes to job-hopping, peoples attitudes vary from person to person. Some tend to think that job-hopping is a reflection of incompetence and lack of loyalty. Unless they are forced to quit their job, they would stick to the same post for a considerable length of time and take great pride in their faithfulness. They are convinced that long service in an institution ensures everything, ranging from salary, benefits, promotion and training. However, others think of job-hopping as commonplace and necessary.,解释原因段,This phenomenon is due to several factors. First, some manufacturers are money-oriented. To their mind, producing fake products is a short-cut toward getting rich. On the other hand, some consumers are under the illusion that inferior goods can be used equally but they are much cheaper. A third contributing cause is the law, much of which cannot punish severely those who manufacture fake products. All this contributes to the wide spread of fake product.,比较段,It is hard to say whether the advantages of working in a big corporation outweigh those of working in a small company. It all depends on your ambition and personality. If you want more responsibility and quick promotion, then a career with the small firm is ideal. If you think highly of starting salary and reputation, then you might as well be a small fish in a big pond.,举例段,However, it is of vital importance to recognize on what occasion we should never hesitate to say no. A good case in point is the occurrence of helping cheating on test. Are you willing to decline when your good friend asks you for answers to the questions in an examination? Imagine how many cases of corruption occur just because our public servants do not reply with a resounding “NO” to those who have an evil intention. In brief, we should resolutely say no when we think our act will violate our fundamental principle and threaten our belief.,驳斥段,It is true that human beings are confronted with a series of tough problems, some of which may pose serious threat to human survival, but this does not mean the end of the world. On the contrary, mankind has relied on and will rely on his wisdom to find a way out. Anyway, man is the master of technology, not the other way round, and any doubt about the prosperity of the globe does not hold. Therefore we are confident that humans will have a Brave New World.,3.5 Assignment,Some people believe that money spent on space research benefits all of humanity. Others take the opposite view and say that money for this type of research is wasted. Discuss these positions, using specific examples of both. Tell which one you agree with and explain why.,For over fifty years, a number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space. This research has been very costly, of course. Has thi