英语语法大学英语语法总结.doc

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0大学英语语法总结一. 四六级中虚拟语气用法的总结虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达： a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。b. 与客观事实相反地情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。c. 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显得标志。虚拟语气的考点为：would ratherthat从句一般过去时：It is vital necessary important urgent imperative desirable advisable natural essentialthat动词原形；It is timeabouttimehightimethat一般过去时：proposalsuggestionthat动词原形；lestthatshould动词原形；if onlythatwould动词原形。If 句型 (共有三种句型) 非真实条件句1. 与现在的事实相反：从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) 动词原形If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.2. 与过去的事实相反：从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) 现在完成时If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.3. 与将来的事实相反：从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) 动词原形If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用wasIf I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.典型例题_ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were I B. I wereC. Were ID. Was I 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Werent I to do.混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).Wish 句型 表达“但愿，要是多好”的语气表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为： 真实状况wish后 从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时（be的过去式为 were） 从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时（had + 过去分词）将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could +动词原形I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。Wish to do表达法Wish sb / sth to doI wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)在强制性语气的宾语从句中的运用即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move(动议，规定)，direct(命令)，maintain(坚持)，decide，askI suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.I prefer that you ( should ) not do that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好。注意一： 以上动词转化为名词(如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。例：1998年6月四级第68题 We are all for your proposal that discussion _. a. be put off b. was put off c. should put off d. is to put off 全句意思是：我们都赞成你的建议，把讨论推迟。答案是A。 We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting.注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。What he said suggested(表明)that he did not agree with us.It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable(可取的， 明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(义务的；强制的；强迫的), crucial (至关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative (命令的， 强制的， 必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (义不容辞的， 必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”， 表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.would rather， would sooner， had rather， would just as soon， would prefer 意为“宁可，但愿”从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。I would rather that you painted the room green.Id just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.在lest that ， for fear that， in case that 表示“唯恐，以免”引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，从句用 should +动词原形。He put his coat over the child for fear (lest )that he should catch cold.He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget.Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot (注意：该句陈述某一事实)含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。 如：without, but for, otherwise，or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等等。Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work on time.But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.I wouldnt have succeeded without your help.We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用 Its (about/high/ good ) time that，表示“该是。的时候了”， 含有 “晚一点” 的意思， 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。例：1995年6月四级第43题 Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _ ? A. we are going home B. if she leavesC. we went home D. if she had left 现在已经十六点钟了，难道你不认为该回家了吗？（答案是C） Its time you went to bed.Its high time that we took action.虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同） （一） 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如： He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。 He acts as if he were / was a TV expert. 他做起事来好象是个电视专家。 （二） 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。 例：1992年四级试题 The tree looked as if it _ for a long time. A. hasnt watered B. didnt waterC. hadnt bee watered D. wasnt watered 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。（答案是c） 在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如： 例：1998年1月四级第38题 The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. a. injure b. injured c. had injure d. would injure 这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。（答案是a） 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。 例：1993年6月四级第70题 Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I _ your advice. A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生（事实上不可能发生）与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是：“看我现在的处境多糟糕！要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上，句中的“我”没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。 题中空格处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。 比较if only与only ifonly if表示只有；if only则表示如果就好了。If only也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。比较need 不必做和本不该做didnt need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.neednt have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。典型例题There was plenty of time. She _. A. mustnt have hurried B. couldnt have hurriedC. must not hurry D. neednt have hurried答案D。neednt have done. 意为本不必，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。Mustnt have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldnt have done, 不可能已经。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。二独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的常见形式1. 名词（代词）+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。2. 名词（代词）+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。4. 名词（代词）+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。6. There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。7. It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。独立主格结构的构成形式的相关练习：1、逻辑主语+V-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：1._no bus, we had to walk home.A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was2._no bus, we had to walk home.A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was3._Sunday, the library doesnt open. A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been4._Sunday, the library doesnt open.A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is2、逻辑主语+V-ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：1._, the train started.A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving2._, the train started.A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given3._, the text became easier for us to learn. A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words4._, the text became easier for us to learn.A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构。如：1._, the patient can leave the hospital.A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions2._, the patient can leave the hospital.A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions3._, wed like to go outing.A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK4._, wed like to go outing.A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C5._, you can wait a while.A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B6._, so you can wait a whileA.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on4、逻辑主语+介词短语该结构相当于不带动词的“主系介词短语”结构。如：1.The boy followed the nobleman here, _.A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand2.The boy followed the nobleman here _.A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand3.He left the office, _.A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes4.He left the office _.A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分： 1、原因状语该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：1._ no bus, we had to walk home.A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B2._Sunday, the library doesnt open.A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B3._, I had to ask for two days leave.A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D. A,B and C4._, we have to work late into the night.A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C2、时间状语独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如：1._, the train started. A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B2._, the text became easier for us to learn. A. New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above3、条件状语独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如：1._, well go to visit the Great Wall.A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B2._, the patient will recover himself soon.A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C4、伴随状语独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：1.We have lessons every day, _. A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above2.The boy fell asleep,_.A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above3.Father came home,_A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the abovewith + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法Composed by Chinephone Lew“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：1、原因状语1.With the man _ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To have guide2.With a lot of work_, she doesnt have time to rest. A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done3.With the machine _all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working2、时间状语1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _.A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on2.With our problem _, we all felt happy.A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled3.With his work_, the secretary began to walk home. A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done3、伴随状语1.She left the offices with tears _.A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes2.The man found the door with both his eyes _.A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_. A. standing by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands_. A.to be tied behind B. tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind5.You cant see well _.A. with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses 4、后置定语1.Do you know the man _ a book in his hand? A.with B.having C.being D.A and B2.Please offer your seat to the woman _ a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above分词、独立主格和“with + 复合宾语”作状语的区别分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。分词短语在句中常作以下状语：1、原因状语1._late, we had to walk home. A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B2._ busy, they had no time to play. A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above2、时间状语1._ the students homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.A.When he was correcting C.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above2._by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above3、条件状语1._ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above2._ another chance, Ill do my job better.A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above4、伴随状语1.Father came back, _ a bag of money on his left shoulder.A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above2.Father came back, _ by a monkey.A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above二、独立主格结构和with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：1._, well go fishing in the country.A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting2._, he finished playing the game of chess.A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes3._, I couldnt get the book I wanted.A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。例如：1._ the teacher told the class to go through the text A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above2._a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above3.As_a little sick, he remained at the clinic.A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。1._ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B2._for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above2、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格