高中独立主格最全归纳总结.doc

欧业外语培训 独立主格结构 （一）：独立主格的概念 “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。 （二）：独立主格的功能 “独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 1) 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 2） 表示条件 The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 3） 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4） 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.) 5） 表示补充说明 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 （三）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+名词 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （四） 独立主格结构的特点： (1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即逻辑主语为动作执行者。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：（一） 1) 名词/代词+形容词 The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 2） 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。 3） 名词/代词+过去分词 “Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. 4） 名词/代词（主格）+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合，队伍十一点准时出发。 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friends. 两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 5） 名词/代词+介词短语 I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. 6） 名词/代词+副词 Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 7） 名词/代词+名词 he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 （二） The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 2. With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised【rising亦可】. 使用独立主格四点注意： 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。) 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，用现在分词表主动，用过去分词表被动。 He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他握着拳头，眼睛直视地躺在那儿。 解析：拳头被握所以用过去分词表被动，眼睛直视是主动的所以用现在分词表示来修饰。 注意：不可断章取义地根据动词是否为及物动词来判断是否采用过去分词或现在分词！ 典型例题： Weather_, well go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。 独立主格结构妙题赏析 请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. this D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。 再请看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。 请做做以下三题(答案均为B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners. A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that (4)The new computer virus _ , the system was restored to its normal operation. (B) being removed一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。A 不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。例如：I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed选C。此题考查“名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示动作未完成，其中the rest 与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。此句可以改为：I send you 100 dollars today,and the rest is to follow in a year.B-ing形式“独立主格结构”1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）2 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）注意：含有being的独立主格结构。It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。 = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）4 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）注意：-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时，逻辑主语通常省去。例如：1 _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京) A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited选C。此题考查动词的-ing形式作时间状语，因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，所以逻辑主语Tom省去了。此题可以改为：After Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.2. _the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2004广东) A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed选C。此题考查动词的-ing形式作原因状语，因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，所以逻辑主语they省去了，根据动作的先后关系，因为先没有完成，所以不得不再呆2周，故用完成时态。此题可以改为：Because they have not completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.C-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. （独立主格结构在句中作原因状语） = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. （独立主格结构在句中作方式状语）= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 The task completed,he had two months leave. （独立主格结构在句中作时间状语）=When the task had been completed,he had two months leave.任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。注意：-ed形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ed形式作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时，逻辑主语通常省去。例如：1_in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET 1996)A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose选C。此题考查过去分词作原因状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.2. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000spring)A. Given B. TO give C. Giving D. Having given选A。此题考查过去分词作条件状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是him，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：If he is given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 3 _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. (2003北京)A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given 选D。此题也是考查过去分词作条件状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为：If he is given time, hell make a first-class tennis player.4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _ (2004 上海春季) A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted选B。此题也是考查过去分词作结果状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Richard Jones，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为两个并列句：After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,and he was exhausted 。5._ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全国（1、2）)A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising选B. 此题也是考查过去分词作状语，而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Tony，逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为两个并列句：Tony was surprised and happy, and he stood up and accepted the prize.比较： 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）二、 动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A逻辑主语+名词 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being） 注意： 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。 B逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being） = He stood there, and his mouth was wide open. C逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being） = School was over, and we all went home. He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being） = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off. D逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。 = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face. The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示： 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand. 音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构 介词with/without +宾语+宾语补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A with+名词代词+形容词 He does not like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn誸 like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意： 在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 With his father well-known