2018年高考英语二轮复习专题11定语从句讲学案含解析.docx

专题11 定语从句定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如：that，which和where，when的区分； that，which和why的区分等。 2考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose名词名词 of which of which名词。如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 3考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。 4考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。如： He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句) 此外，“介词which 名词”结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。如： He was very ill, in which case(and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.6考查一些特殊的先行词。如：当situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析；作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which; 作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词which”，表示在某种特定的情形下。7考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。如：The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family.(同位语从句)The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定语从句)It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)一、定语从句与并列句的区别请观察下面三个句子：1Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, _ disappointed his mother.2Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and _ disappointed his mother.3Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; _ disappointed his mother.第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。【解题技巧】判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。1He was educated at a local grammar school, _ which he went on to Cambridge.2This is the farm _ which he worked two years ago.3In the dark street there was not a single person _ whom she could turn for help.第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：1句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。【特别提醒】注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)三、引导词as, which的区别1引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。He went abroad, which was unexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.2限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。This is the same pen as I lost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。3as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)4as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。He was absent from school, as is often the case.他缺课了，这是常事。四、分隔定语从句一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，可是有的时候，先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容，这样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了，这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意：不要误把插入部分当先行词。I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person而不是office)五、关系代词和关系副词的区别当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习中的一个难点。要确定引导词在从句中所作的成分(如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用why, when或where，否则用that或which)，考生可以采用“补全法”，即依据句意把从句补充完整(补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分)，这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。1Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?分析：把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作宾语，因此填关系代词that/which。2In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.分析：把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语，因此填关系代词that/which。3Some preschool children go to a day care center, _ they learn simple games and songs.分析：把从句补充完整为“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”，据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where/in(at) which。【解题技巧】遇到时间和地点，判断成分是关键；主语、宾语用关代，状语才能用关副。(关代：关系代词；关副：关系副词)在考查定语从句时，有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时，考生可以将其忽略，从而排除干扰。Is that the small town you often refer to?Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years.分析：空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know是插入语，解题时可以将其忽略，简化句子结构：just the one _ I used to work for years，这样考生就很容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。【特别探究】表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后，考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语，如：period, ten years ago, the street, the museum，而是已经模糊化的词语，如：activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄清这些词汇在句中的意义，并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。【特别提醒】point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where来引导，只有当引导词在从句中作状语时，才用关系副词where，否则用关系代词。六、定语从句用法的其他要点(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。1one of复数名词关系代词复数形式动词。如：The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。2the only one of复数名词关系代词单数形式动词。如：The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.在这些精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。3当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy.他通过了高考，这让他父母很高兴。4其他情况。如：I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。(三)注意way和time后接的定语从句的情况1当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”)时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如：What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.最让我吃惊的不是他的话，而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：The way he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。2先行词是time时， 若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/duringwhich引导定语从句。如：This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家。This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.曾经有一个时期，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。考点一、考查定语从句例1(2017江苏卷单项填空)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。【变式探究】【2016浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that【答案】B【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。使用定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用代词+介词+关系代词which引导。故选B。【考点】考查定语从句。【变式探究】【2015重庆】14. He wrote many children s books, nearly half of_ were published in the 1990s.A. whom B. which C. them D. that【答案】B 【解析】句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行词是books，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故选B项。 【考点定位】考查定语从句。 【变式探究】The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.A. When B. where C. why D. which【答案】D考点二、考查定语从句的用法例3【2016天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when【答案】D【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。【变式探究】【2015福建】34.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. A. whoB. whomC. thatD. Which【答案】D【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。首先That不能引导非限制性定语从句，who在引导非限制性定语从句的时候通常在从句中做主语和宾语，指人，而whom也指人，却只能做宾语。Which引导非限制性定语从句通常在从句中做主语或者宾语。关系词代指前面的中国日报，在定语从句中做主语。该句意思为：中国日报有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。故选D考点三、考查定语从句引导词例3【2017江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C【变式探究】【2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A【解析】a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom，故选A。【变式探究】【2015湖南】29.It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.A. as B. whereC. thatD. which【答案】D【解析】根据分析，此句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是place，在定语从句中是作主语的，所以用关系代词引导。As引导非限定性定语从句时要放在句首，故排除，选用which。句意：这真是一个令人愉快的地方，这里的蜿蜒的小路和美丽的小村庄一定和100年前看起来是一模一样的。故选D【考点定位】考查定语从句关系代词。【举一反三】Well reach the sales targets in a month_we set at at the beginning of the year.A. which B.where C. when D.what【答案】A1（2017北京）The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.A. that B. as C. where D. when【答案】A【解析】A. that 那个 B. as 因为 C. where 哪里 D. when什么时候。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是problems，用that。2（2017江苏）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A.which B.its C.whose D.whom 【答案】C【解析】本题考查非限制性定语从句，关系代词whose引导定语从句并且在定语从句中作purpose的定语。which,whom在定语从句中不能作定语，its不能引导定语从句，故选C。 3（2017江苏卷单项填空）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】 C 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是the World Food Programme，世界粮食项目的目的之一是，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。4【2017江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。5(2017江苏卷) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation是定语从句，先行词是the World Food Programme，关系词在定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。6 (2017江苏卷单项填空)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C 7（2017江苏卷） In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是the World Food Programme，世界粮食项目的目的之一是，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。8【2017江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。9（2017江苏）28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A.which B.its C.whose D.whom 【答案】C【解析】本题考查非限制性定语从句，关系代词whose引导定语从句并且在定语从句中作purpose的定语。which, whom在定语从句中不能作定语，its不能引导定语从句，故选C。10 (2017江苏) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是the World Food Programme，语境是世界粮食项目的目的之一是，whose在定语从句中作定语，在这里限定purposes，故选C。11My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.A. that B. whose C. his D. who【答案】B1.【2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A【解析】a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom，故选A。2.【2016江苏】23.Many young people, most _were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams.A.of whichB.of themC.of whomD.of those【答案】C【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。故C项正确。3.【2016天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when【答案】D【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。4.【2016浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that【答案】B【考点】考查定语从句。1.【2015湖南】29.It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.A. as B. whereC. thatD. which【答案】D【解析】根据分析，此句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是place，在定语从句中是作主语的，所以用关系代词引导。As引导非限定性定语从句时要放在句首，故排除，选用which。句意：这真是一个令人愉快的地方，这里的蜿蜒的小路和美丽的小村庄一定和100年前看起来是一模一样的。故选D【考点定位】考查定语从句关系代词。2.【2015北京】24.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,_you can hear some lovely music.A. which B.that C.when D.where【答案】D【解析句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。这是一个定语从句。先行词是St. Pauls Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。用where。故选D。【考点定位】考查非限制性定语从句3.【2015重庆】14. He wrote many children s books, nearly half of_ were published in the 1990s.A. whom B. which C. them D. that【答案】B 【解析】句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行词是books，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故选B项。 【考点定位】考查定语从句。 4.【2015江苏】21.The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A. it B. which C. what D. as【答案】D【考点定位】定语从句5.【2015天津】15 The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.A. where B. whichC. whenD. who【答案】A【解析】句意：公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。根据句意可知选A。【考点定位】考查定语从句。6.【2015四川】3.The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us.Awhich B. what C. whose D. that【答案】C【解析】本题考查定语从句的关系词，先行词为the books，和covers之间存在所有关系，故选择C，意为书的封面。句意为：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。【考点定位】考查定语从句7.【2015陕西】15. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.A. which B. where C. whom D. when【答案】D【解析】句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。这里使用定语从句，先行词是the time，定语从句中缺少时间状语，用关系副词when，所以选D。【考点定位】考查定语从句8.【2015福建】34.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. A. whoB. whomC. thatD. Which【答案】D【考点定位】考查非限制性定语从句1.（2014天津卷）12. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently.A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them【考点】考察定语从句【答案】B【解析】本题是一个定语从句，先行词是several diverse cultures，在定语从句里使用which指代先行词作为介词of的宾语。排除CD项，这两项并不是定语从句。A项在定语从句中做主语的时候，谓语动词要使用复数形式，本题定语从句中的uses说明A项是错误的。B项中的each做主语，谓语动词使用单数形式。句义：英语是一个被很多不同的文化共同使用的语言，每一种语言使用英语的方法都是不一样的。故B正确。2.（2014浙江卷 ）5. I dont become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.A. when B. where C. which D. why【考点】考察定语从句【答案】A【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是the fifth grade，后面定语从句I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree中主谓宾句子结构很完整，所以使用过膝副词来引导定语从句，因为先行词是一个表示时间的名词，所以使用when来引导这个定语从句。直到五年级我才成为一个很认真的攀登者，在那时我登高去拿下一个卡在树枝上的风筝。Where的先行词必须是一个表示地点的名词，why的先行词是the reason,关系代词which在句中做主语，宾语或者表语。故A正确。3.（2014北京卷）26. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _ my classmates recommended to me.A.whoB. whichC. when D. Where【考点】考察定语从句【答案】B4.（2014福建卷）31. Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.A. who B. when C. which D. where【考点】考察定语从句【答案】D【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是community activities，后面的定语从句they can gain experience for growth主谓宾句子结构很完整，所以使用关系副词来引导这个定语从句，where在句中相当于in which，充当状语。句义：学生应该参与社区活动，在社区活动里他们能够获得成长的经验。AC是关系代词，不能在句中做状语。When的先行词通常是表示时间的名词。故D正确。5.（2014湖南卷）31.I am looking forward to the daymy daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.A. asB. whyC. when D. where【考点】考察定语从句【答案】C【解析】本题是一个定语从句，先行词是the day，后面的定语从句结构非常完整，所以使用关系副词when在句中做时间状语，同时引导起这个定语从句。句义：我一直都在期待着我的女儿能够阅读并理解我对她的感情的那一天。故C正确。6.（2014江苏卷）22. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work a good impression is a must.A. whichB. whenC. asD. where【考点】考察定语从句【答案】D7.（2014江西卷）28. Among the many dangers_- sailors have to face , probably the greatest of all is fog .A. which B. what C. where D. when 【考点】考察定语从句