一、名词的种类.docx

一、 名词的种类单一名词和合成名词名词从结构上可以分为两大类：单一名词（single-word nouns）合成名词（compound nouns）顾名思义，单一名词指一个词构成的名词，如：group, people, book, girl, hair, table, water, difficulty。英语中的大部分名词是单一名词。合成名词指由两个或更多词合成的名词。合成名词从形式上看可分成下面几类：写成一个词的合成名词，如：goldsmith, boyfriend, seaside, spaceship, typewriter, headmaster, warehouse, warhead, friendship, greenhouse, homework。用连字号连接起来的合成名词，如：night-club, arm-chair, reading-room。有些词可以构成很多合成名词，如：fire 可构成fire-alarm (火警)，fire-bomb（燃烧弹）， fire-engine(消防车)，fire-escape (太平梯)，fire-fighter(消防队员)，fire-power(火力)，fire-practice(消防演习)等。没有连字号连接的合成名词，如：fire brigade (消防队)，fire extinguisher（灭火器），fire station (消防站)， music lessons (音乐课)，water pump (水泵)，horror film (恐怖影片)， zip code (邮政编码)，cotton goods (棉织品)等。如何写法没有硬性规定，大体上有下面几点可作参考：两个短词构成的合成名词常可写在一起，如：teacup, housewife, lawsuit, bookmark, （书签）bookworm,（书呆子）bookstall,（书摊） bookstore（书店）。有些虽然短却不连写，如：bus-stop (公共汽车站)，tea break (午茶休息时间)，tea-leaf (茶叶)，tea-table (茶几)，tea-party(茶会)。有些合成词由动词和其它词构成，如：make-up (化妆)，set-up (结构)，try-out (试用)；或由动名词构成，如：looking-glass (窥镜)，stepping-stone (踏脚石)，waiting-list (等候名单)，bathing-suit (游泳衣)；或由self 构成，如：self-respect (自尊心)，Self-control (自我控制)，self-defence(自卫)，self-interest(自私的考虑)，self-confidence(自信)；或由三个词构成，如：son-in-law (女婿)，editor-in-chief(总编)，commander-in-chief(总司令)，hide-and-seek(捉迷藏)，man-of-war(军舰)，一般都用连字号。已完全被接受为合成名词的，可连写或加连字号，如：sunbathing(日光浴)，sunglasses, sunrise, battle-cry(口号)，否则分开写，如：writing materials(书写材料)，the working class(工人阶级)，working atmosphere(工作环境)，working age(工龄)。这是一个比较复杂的问题，在没有把握时最好查一部好的字典。另外，按照字的构成，合成名词还可分成下面几类：形容词+名词：a black list (黑名单)，a black sheep (败家子)，a green house (温室)，a heavy weight (重量级拳击手)，a white lie (无害的谎言)，old hand (老手)，red tape (繁文缛节)动名词+名词：a running mate (竞选伙伴)，a skating-rink (溜冰场)，a walking-stick (手杖)，baking powder(发酵粉)，drinking water (饮用水)，sleeping-pills(安眠药)名词+动名词：book-keeping(簿记), daydreaming(白日梦)，handwriting(书法)，horse-riding(骑马)，sunbathing(日光浴)，weightlifting(举重)由副词构成的名词：Breakdown (失败)，lookout (注意)，breakup (破裂)，income (收入)，uprising (起义)Well-being (康乐)名词+名词:a car key (车钥匙)，an aircraft-carrier (航空母舰)，an air-conditioner (空调机)air raid (空袭)，airport shuttle (机场班车)，bank account (银行账户)其它合成名词：bride-to be (未来新娘)，comrade-in-arms (战友)，looker-on (旁观者)，merry-go-round (旋转木马)，nouveau riches (暴发户)，stay-at-home (不爱出门的人)普通名词与专有名词：名词可分为两大类：专有名词（proper nouns）专有名词主要指人名，地名或某类人或事物的名称，如：人名地名某些人的名称某些抽象事物的名称：Buddhism, English, Geneva Conference, NATO;月份、周日及节日名词：June, Monday, Easter, Christmas;书名、电影及诗歌名：A Tale of Two Cities, Gone with the Wind, Ode to the West Wind,Marseillaise (马赛曲)；对家人的称呼：Mum, Dad, Auntie, Uncle Tom专有名词的开头要大写。专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词。普通名词（common nouns）普通名词可分为四类：个体名词(individual nouns);集体名词（collective nouns）;物质名词（mass nouns）;抽象名词（abstract nouns）;其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的，称为可数名词（countable nouns）; 物质名词和抽象名词是无法以数计的，称为不可数名词（uncountable nouns）。因此，名词的分类可以通过下表表示： 专有名词名词： 可数名词： 个体名词 集体名词 普通名词： 不可数名词： 物质名词抽象名词个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体东西，如：She has three brothers.There are hundreds of parks in the city.He isnt fond of cats.Most offices have computers.也可以指抽象的东西，如：He has been here for a month.He gave her an account of his progress.The affair remained a completely mystery.I had a dream last night.下面是一些常见的个体名词 accident account actor adult animal answerapartment article artist baby bag ballbank battle beach bed bell billbird boat book bottle box boybridge brother bus bush camp captaincar card ease castle cat chairchapter chest child cigarette city classclub coat college computer corner countrycup daughter day desk doctor dogdream dress driver ear edge effectegg election engine eye face factoryfarm father field film finger footfriend game garden gate girl groupgun hall hand handle hat headheart hill horse hospital hotel hourhouse husband idea island issue jobjourney judge key king kitchen ladylake library line list machine magazineman meal meeting member message method minute mistake model month motor mouthnation neck newspaper office page parkparty path picture plan plane plant problem product programme project ring riverroad room scheme school ship shirt shock shop sister smile son spot star station stream street student tabletask teacher tent thought tour townvalley village wall week window womanyear集体名词集体名词是有个体组成的集体的名称，下面是一些常见的集体名词：aristocracy army audience bacteria castcommittee community company council crewdata enemy family flock ganggovernment group herd jury media pressnavy nobility public staff team youth这些词本身有复数（注明者除外），带复数动词，表示多个集体。单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般来说，作为整体时作单数看待，想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。试比较下面句子：The public was unlikely to support it.The public were deceived by the newspapers.The enemy has suffered heavy losses.The enemy were attacking the town.The government is discussing the proposal.The government are discussing the proposal.The audience enjoys every minute of the performance.The audience are dressed in a variety of ways.The Committee of Public Safety is to deal with this matter.The committee are of the same opinion that the time is inopportune.但在不少情况下，集体名词后，单复数动词都可以用：The press was/were not allowed to attend the trial.The jury is/are about to announce the winners.The youth of today is/are better off than we used to be.The teaching staff of this college is /are excellent.The public has/have a right to know whats in the report.The local council is /are in charge of repairing roads.(当地政务会)少数集体名词通常用作单数，如：The plays cast was given a standing ovation.Our company is sending him to work in Boston.The entire community is behind the appeal.另一些集体名词则多做复数看待，如：The police have caught the murder.The crew are paid to do all the work on the ship.有不少集体名词可以跟一个由of 引起的短语，这个短语说明/描述/修饰集体名词：a brood of chicks a group of tourists a bunch of flowers a bunch of bananasa herd of cattle a clump of treesa pride of lions a company of journalistsa team of visitors a flock of sheep/birdsa troupe of acrobats a gang of criminalsan army of volunteers 物质名词物质名词指不可分成个体的物质的名词。下面是一些常见的物质名词：beer brandy cake cheese cloth coalcoffee coke cotton carry detergent disinfectantdye fabric fertilizer fuel fur glueice ink lotion meat medicine metaljuice liqueur insecticide iron jam jellymilk oil ointment ore paint paperperfume plastics poison preservative rain ribbonsalad salt sand sauce snow soap soil soup steel sugar tea whiskywater wine wood wool yarn yoghurt(一般来说物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式，但又一些特殊情况：)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”等：A dozen beers, please. (请来一打啤酒)Ill mix a salad. (我去拌一盘生菜。)A chocolate ice-cream for me.有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.They produce a large range of cheeses.有个别物质名词可用作复数形式，表示特定的意思：The ship was in European waters.We often played on the sands when we were young.The rains are very long in South。（雨季）另外，有少数抽象名词也可用作个体名词，因而也就可数了。试比较下面句子：用作物质名词 用作个体名词He was chopping wood. They entered a wood.Oil and water will not mix. She has begun a portrait in oils.(她开始画一张油画画像)Children like to play with sand. The children are playing on the sands.为了表示数量，物质名词前可加“a-of”这类定语：a ball of wool a kilo of salt a bar of chocolatea length of cloth a bottle of brandy a loaf of breada cake of soap a lump of sugar a can of beera pinch of sugar a cube of ice a sheet of papera cup of tea a slice of cake a grain of sanda stretch of water a jar of jam a tube of toothpaste抽象名词抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词a, an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：absence access age agriculture angerbeauty behavior cancer capacity childhoodcomfort concern confidence courage deathdemocracy depression design duty economyeducation energy environment evil existenceexperience failure faith fashion fearfinance freedom fun growth happinesshealth help history independence industryinsurance intelligence joy justice labour loneliness love luck magic marriagemercy music nature patience peacephilosophy pleasure policy poverty powerpride protection purity reality reliefreligion respect safety security silencesleep strength status technology timetrade training transport travel trusttruth violence waste wealth weatherwelfare work worth youth在多数情况下，这种名词都用于单数形式，并不加任何冠词：Knowledge is power.What fun they had.We had justice on our side. (正以在我们这一边)Too much violence was shown on TV.但有时也可加定冠词the 或不定冠词 a/ an :I did not have the courage to tell you.We enjoyed the beauty of nature.He works hard for the welfare of the poor.We have a great respect for the professor.There is a beauty in simplicity.After a brief peace, war broke out again.此外有些抽象名词也可用作个体名词，代表具体的东西，这时它可以加不定冠词，也可用于复数形式：用作抽象名词 用作个体名词What are the principles of democracy? A true democracy allows free speech.Its beyond my power to help you. The great powers held an international conferenceReligion meant more and more to her. There are many religions in the world.可数名词与不可数名词可数名词与不可数名词的区分是一个重要问题，在使用任何名词时都得考虑这个问题。可数名词的情况是比较简单的。不少个体名词如桌子、椅子、书、笔、人等在英语和汉语中都是可数名词。但又不少名词在汉语概念中是可数的，而在英语中却是不可数的。这时就造成困难，例如下面名词（斜体）都是不可数名词（多属集体名词）：Our firm supplies kitchen equipment.The book contains much useful information.No news is good news.They examined all baggage at the airport.如果要表示“一件”这类概念，把不可数变为可数，就得在前面加“a-of”这种定语，如：A piece of furniture an article of furnitureA piece of fossil a piece of adviceA piece of news an article of clothingA piece of equipment a piece of facial tissue事实上这种定语是非常普遍的，常常也用于抽象名词和物质名词。如：A ray of sunshine a slice of baconA burst of applause a large sum of moneyA fit of anger a cut/piece of meatan atom of sympathy a small quantity of sugara stroke of good luck a large amount of materiala suit of clothes an expanse of water a slip of paper a glass of watera shower of criticism a stretch of landa length of cloth a portion of food (一份菜)这种a-of定语，不仅能表示数量，有时也能表示形态。A bar of gold a grain of riceA blade of grass(一根草) a lump of coalA bowl of soup a stick of chalkA can of orange juice a stick of charcoal(一根木炭)A carton of cigarette a truck-load of coalA cube of ice 它们还可和可数的复数个体名词连用：A bag of cashew nuts a package of sweetsA basket of apples a packet of cigaretteA bunch of flowers a package of envelopesA handful of peanuts a pair of shoesA host of difficulties a pair of spectaclesA pack of hounds a series of attemptsA pack of lies a set of gardening toolsA pack of wolves a swarm of letters很多名词都可兼作可数名词和不可数名词，但意思不同，有些是物质名词兼作个体名词，有些则是抽象名词兼作个体名词：物质名词（不可数） 个体名词（可数）Copper a copper (铜币)Gold a gold (金牌)Paper a paper(报纸、证件、论文)Wood a wood (树林)抽象名词（不可数） 个体名词（可数）Authority an authority 权威人士Democracy a democracy 民主国家Pleasure a pleasure 使人感到愉快