关系代词关系副词.doc

Where there is a will, there is a way定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系副词主要有四个,即when, where, why, how。此外the也可作关系副词引导副词子句。关系副词所引导的形容词子句用于修饰主要子句中的某一名词或代名词,被修饰的词称作先行词,关系副词要放在先行词之后。关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。状语是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。在不同的语言中“状语”有不同的作用。定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。如何判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错： 1This is the mountain village where I visited last year. 2I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 以上两句都是错误的，应改为： This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year. Ill never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例： 1Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? Awhere Bthat Con which Dthe one 2Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? Awhere Bthat Con which Dthe one 答案：例1 D；例2 A 例1变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既作了主句的表语，又可作从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 在句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分缺句子的状语，表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum词组可用介词inwhich引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。一）The car ( )my uncle bought last week was stolen.The students( )dontt study hard will not pass the exam.Ill never forget the time( )we work on the farm.This is the house in( )we lived in last year.They talked of the things and persons( )they remembered in the school.This is the story about the girl( )name is Lucy.二）填入适当的关系代词或关系副词： 1This is the house _I used to live in （从句中作介词宾语） 用which/that 都可 2This is the house in _ I used to live. （紧挨着介词作介词宾语）. 只能用which 3This is the house _I used to live .（作从句中的地点状语） 只能用where4Is this the house _you bought two years ago ?（作从句中的宾语） 用which/that5Is this house the one _you bought two years ago?（同上，但先行词是代词one）只能 用that6The year _he was born in was 1968. （可用 which/that）7The year in _he was born was 1968. （只能用which ）8The year _he was born was 1968. （从句中作时间状语只能用when）9The year _he spent in the school was 1968.（从句中作宾语）which/that10.That is a book-_ cover is red.（从句中作定语）which11.That is a book in _the cover is red.（作介词宾语） which12.That is a book the cover of _is red .13.I pick up a man _I thought was honest.（指人并作从句中的主语）who14.I pick up a man _I thought to be honest.（指人作thought的宾语）whom15.I have heard from my brother _is in America. （that/who）16.Watch the girl and her dog _are crossing the bridge. （that）17.All_I need is a glass of water.（同5，一样）18.He is the most boring speaker _I have ever heard.（that）19.It is the first English film _I saw three years ago.（that）20.This is the very book_ you are looking for? （that）21.I have the same idea_ you have. （as ）22.Id like to read such fine books_ you have.（as ）23._ we know ,the earth is round. （as）三）连词的用法：（引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词我们也称作连词）1，who指人，在定语从句中作主语。For example:The person who broke the window must pay for it.2， whom 指人作宾语。例：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?3,whose 指人在定语从句中作定语。如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today. 4,which指物在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如；A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. 5,that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例；I have read the newspaper that(which) tells us important news.Who is the person that (who) is reading the newspaper over there?6 , when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语。例：I will never forget the time when we worked on the farm .7, where 指地点在从句中作地点状语。例：his is the house where we lived last year.8, as, such 一般用于 such+名词+as 或 the same +名词+as或（as）-as结构。例；I would like to use the same pen as was used by you just now.Such a film as you describle should not be shown at all.Whom,which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom和which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面。而这时不用that。例：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.=That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.介词加关系代词的用法This is the man , to whom I gave a call. 这是我刚才给打电话的那个人。 give a call to sb 给某人打电话如何确定介词？一、根据定语从句中谓语动词的需要来确定介词。 1She paid the man from whom she had borrowed some money(=She paid the manShe had borrowed some money from him)（borrow sthfrom sb意思是“向某人借东西”。） 2In the dark street, there Wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.(NMET 1992)（turn to sbfor help意思是“求某人帮助”） 在这一句式结构中，句中的介词是与从句的谓语动词有一定的搭配关系。介词可用于关系代词之前，但先行词若指人，关系代词必须用whom，不能用who或that；若指物必须用which，不能用that。介词也可以置于从句谓语动词之后。这时，句中关系代词用who，whom，that均可，指物可用which或that，并均可省略。例如： The middle-aged woman to whom I spoke just now is my English teacher(=The middle aged womanwho/whom/thatI spoke to just now is my English teacher)二、根据定语从句的先行词的需要来确定介词。 1He will never forget the day on which he joined the party.（on the day在那天） 2Last Sunday my aunt bought me a telescope through which I could study the sky（through a telescope透过望远镜）三、根据定语从句中的形容词的需要来确定介词。 如： China is a large country with a long history of which we are greatly proud（be/feel proud of以为自豪）四、若表示“所有关系”或“整体中的一部分”，则用介词of。 如： 1I live in this room, the window of which faces south(=I live in this room, whose window faces south)（表示“所有关系”） 2There are over 3,000 workers in that factory, eighty-five percent of whom are women=There are, and 85 of them are women（表示“整体中的一部分”） 3China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan(=China has hundreds of islands and the largest of them is Taiwan)五、根据定语从句句意的需要来确定介词。 如：Zhang Jia, with whom I went to the museum yesterday afternoon, enjoyed herself very much到此定语从句中什么情况下关系词只能用that不能用which1)如果先行词是all, much, anything, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词。关系代词一般用that，不用which（但something，everything，anything后偶尔也用which）。She has nothing that is good to say,The book doesnt say much that amuses children.Thats all (that) I could do at that timeEverything we have seen in China is moving我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。 I have nothing that is worth reading.我没有什么值得一读的东西。2)先行词如果序数词，形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等修饰，引导限定性定语从句常用关系词that，不用which，who或者whomHe is the only person that was present at the time.This is the best TV set that is made in China.Please send us any information that you have about the subject.It is the first foreign book that I have ever seen. This is the most beautiful flower that I have seen.3)如果有两个或两个以上的先行词，兼指人或物，应用thatHe was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovelyThe boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. Lets talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.4在there + be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。 There are two novels that I want to read.我要读的有两本小说。 There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。5.当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。 This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。6.以Here is (are)开头的句子时。 Here is a film that will move anyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。 Here are two books that I will buy.这是我要买的两本书。7.It is (high)time +定语从句中。 It is time that we should have a rest.我们应该休息了。 It is high time that they started out. 他们该动身了。8.当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。 This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。 She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羡慕我回答问题的方式。9.在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。 He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.他是我曾经看到过跳得最高的学生。 My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isnt far from here. 我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。10在强调句中，并且以who ,which, what开头时。 Who was it that was lost ?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复。） What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？11当先行词是疑问代词who时。 Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess?你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？ 12如果先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, the best等词修饰，关系代词常用that(指人时，可以用who),例如： This is the very book that I want to find. That is the best film that we have seen. I was the only person in my office that/who was invited. 用which的情况：(1) 当关系词前面有介词时，指物常用which. The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bike. He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. (2) 非限制性定语从句指物时，多用which. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light. He wrote an article, which tells us about the computer. (3) 如果先行词本身是that时，只用which. This is that which he bought yesterday. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.中考对定语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1、定语从句的功用和结构2、关系代词和关系副词的功用3、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句。一. 定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?I still remember the night when I first came to the village?This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2. 作宾语She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3. 作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4. 作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ive read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.Who is the