长难句自主练习.doc

长难句自主练习 1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will makeit difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion thatmakes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true。since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中，that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语（不定式短语内部to combine是主干，few farmers是宾语，with high yields是状语），possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;infashion译为“用方法、方式”。译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparativematter，wemust be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects providesa“valid”or“fair”comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure。since引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligenceis a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects providesa“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measuredcan be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measuredor predicted can be not well defined.结构分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectivelywhenand least effectively when。and连接两个并列分句，每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明work most effectively和and（work）leasteffectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句whatpredicted。the tests是主句的主语，work为动词做谓语。qualities在此处是可数名词，不译为“质量”，而译为“特征”。defined不能直译为“被定义为”，而应译为主动语态“界定”。译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。4. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster mighthave been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate，and thus do not tell how。and连接两个并列分句，第二个并列分句中由how引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中had he grownup（=If he had grown up）是省略了连词if的非真实条件句。主句主语的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表语。underprivileged在此不能译为“没有特权的”，而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。 考研英语语法难点之条件状语从句一、引导词if，unless，ifonly但愿，要是就好，only if只是当时（才），once一旦，in case假如，以防，but that要不是，so that只要，only that如果不是，as/so far as至于，就而言，as/so long as只要，according as如果，in the event that如果的话，on condition that条件是，只要，on the assumptionthat假定，on the understanding that如果，on the supposition that假定，given (that)如果，假定，providing/provided (that)假如，suppose/supposing(that)假如，assuming (that) 假如，imaginethat设想。【例句】Onthe whole such a condition can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumedto have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he isbeing compared, and only if he wasnot punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.【解析】这个句子结构较复杂，但只要看懂其中的两个only if结构，整个句子的逻辑关系就不难理解了but前面的部分表示结论，两个only if从句则表示得出此结论所必须达到的条件。【参考译文】总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度与其他孩子相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被扣分。二、条件状语从句的时态1. 多数情况下，主句是一般将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时来表示。主句是过去将来时，条件状语从句用一般过去时来表示。【例1】If the weather is terrible next week, well put off the summer camp.如果下周天气不好，我们会推迟夏令营活动。【例2】Father told me if I worked hard he would buy mea special gift.爸爸告诉我如果我学习努力，他会给我买一件特殊的礼物。2. 有时用祈使句和情态动词来替代主句的将来时态。【例1】If you feel like seeing the sights of thecity, you can take a bus tour.如果你想看城市风光，你可以坐城市观光车。(情态动词)【例2】He can continue to support himself and hisfamily only if he produces asurplus. 只有生产有了盈余，他才能够养活自己和家人。3. 如果主句动词是want, hadbetter等词，则用一般现在时。【例1】What do you want to do if you havemuch money?如果你有了许多钱，你想要做什么？【例2】If you are expecting visitors, youdbetter make the room clean.如果你在等着客人来访，你最好把房间打扫干净。4. 有时if引导的从句也可以用will, will表示意愿。【例1】If youll just wait a moment, Ill find someone to help you.如果你愿意等一会儿，我会找人来帮助你。考研英语语法难点之条件状语从句一、引导词if，unless，ifonly但愿，要是就好，only if只是当时（才），once一旦，in case假如，以防，but that要不是，so that只要，only that如果不是，as/so far as至于，就而言，as/so long as只要，according as如果，in the event that如果的话，on condition that条件是，只要，on the assumptionthat假定，on the understanding that如果，on the supposition that假定，given (that)如果，假定，providing/provided (that)假如，suppose/supposing(that)假如，assuming (that) 假如，imaginethat设想。【例句】Onthe whole such a condition can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumedto have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he isbeing compared, and only if he wasnot punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.【解析】这个句子结构较复杂，但只要看懂其中的两个only if结构，整个句子的逻辑关系就不难理解了but前面的部分表示结论，两个only if从句则表示得出此结论所必须达到的条件。【参考译文】总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度与其他孩子相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被扣分。二、条件状语从句的时态1. 多数情况下，主句是一般将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时来表示。主句是过去将来时，条件状语从句用一般过去时来表示。【例1】If the weather is terrible next week, well put off the summer camp.如果下周天气不好，我们会推迟夏令营活动。【例2】Father told me if I worked hard he would buy mea special gift.爸爸告诉我如果我学习努力，他会给我买一件特殊的礼物。2. 有时用祈使句和情态动词来替代主句的将来时态。【例1】If you feel like seeing the sights of thecity, you can take a bus tour.如果你想看城市风光，你可以坐城市观光车。(情态动词)【例2】He can continue to support himself and hisfamily only if he produces asurplus. 只有生产有了盈余，他才能够养活自己和家人。3. 如果主句动词是want, hadbetter等词，则用一般现在时。【例1】What do you want to do if you havemuch money?如果你有了许多钱，你想要做什么？【例2】If you are expecting visitors, youdbetter make the room clean.如果你在等着客人来访，你最好把房间打扫干净。4. 有时if引导的从句也可以用will, will表示意愿。【例1】If youll just wait a moment, Ill find someone to help you.如果你愿意等一会儿，我会找人来帮助你。考研英语语法难点之比较状语从句 英语九大状语从句中的比较状语从句是一个难点，在上课的基础上再给大家补充一些关于比较状语从句的讲解。首先大家必须搞清楚状语从句，从本质上讲，状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，用来表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。来看一个例句：引导词例示than比Light travels faster than sound. 光传播的速度比声音快。(not) asas(不)像一样We will give you as much help as we can.我们会尽可能地帮助你。(not) the same as(不)同一样My stand on the case is just the same as it was 4 years ago.在这件事上的我的立场同4年前一样。not so much as与其说倒不如说，是不是The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.人生的意义不在于你目前身在何处，而在于你心向何方。(just) as, so正如，所以Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact.乌云遮不住太阳，谎言掩盖不了事实。no lessthan同一样She is no less active than she sued to be. 她仍像过去一样积极。=She is as active as she used to be.no morethan与不一样The whale is no more a fish than a horse is.鲸不是鱼，正如同马不是鱼一样。not morethan不像一样This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书更有趣。the the越越The higher you go, the less dense air becomes.名词性从句 名词性从句1.主语从句 2.表语从句 3.宾语从句 4.同位语从句1.1主语从句的结构和用法主语从句在复合句中充当主语,主句中的动词多为系动词.经常用来引导主语从句的关联词有主从连词that(无词义),whether(是否),连接代词what(的东西)以及连接副词等.1)有代词what引导的主从表示“的(东西)”其句子结构相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句Eg. What she wants to know is that. 她想知道的是那一点.2)有主从连词,连接副词引导.Eg. Whether we shall have the meetingremains uncertain.我们是否开会还不能肯定.How she is still alive is beyond us.她怎么还活着,我们实在弄不明白.3)有连词that引导Eg. That the workers managed to do it is afact.工人做了这项工作是事实.1.2 用代词it做形式主语的主语从句.通常在主句的动词是连系动词的句子中,把主语从句放在句尾,把代词 it (无具体意义)放在句首,作为形式上的主语,避免头重脚轻.Eg. It remains uncertain whether we shallhave the meeting.当what引导的主语从句表示“的东西”时及whatever, whichever等关系代词引导的主语从句一般都不用it做形式主语。这种形式的主语从句可以用主从连词that和whether引导,也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导.Eg. It is strange that she didnt comeyesterday.1.2.1 it +be + 名词 + 主语从句Eg. It is a pity ( a fact, an honor, a shame, a good news, a good thing, nowonder, a deplorable thing, etc.) that1.2.2 It +be + 形容词+ 主语从句.Eg . It is strange (natural, true,fortunate, obvious, impossible, possible, likely, unlikely, funny, surprising,etc. ) that1.2.3 It +be + 过去分词 + 主语从句Eg. It is reported ( announced, arranged,decided, expected, stressed, etc.) thatIt is not known ( decidedetc.) thatIt must be pointed out thatIt has been discussed that1.2.4 It + 不及物动词 + 主语从句Eg. It happened ( seems, turned out,occurred to me, suddenly struck me, etc.) that2. 表语从句表语从句在复合句中做表语,位于主句中的连系动词之后.常用来引导表语从句的连接词有that (有时可省略),whether, 连接副词where, when, why, how以及连接代词what,还可以由as if, as though引导.2.1 有连接代词what引导.Eg. This is what we want.2.2 由主从连词that引导.Eg. Our teachers idea is that we should doour homework first.2.3 由连接副词how引导.Eg. This is how it happened. 事情是这样的。2.4 有as if引导.Eg. It looks as if it is going to rain. 天好象要下雨似的。2.5 用在“The reason is that”; “ Itis because” 或“ This isbecause”等句型中.Eg. The reason why (for which) she isabsent in Beijing is that she went to see her friend. 她暂时不在北京的原因是她去看朋友了。This is because you neglected his advice.这是因为你不听他的劝告.3. 宾语从句宾语从句做动词的宾语,其位置与陈述句基本结构的宾语相同,同时也可做介词, 非限定动词(动词不定式,动名词,分词)及be+某些形容词的宾语.3.1 有连词that引导的定语从句最为普通(that常被省略)Eg. I think that you are right.此类宾语的用法一般有以下几种1)可以跟在某些动词后,这类动词有: see,say, think, insist, wish, deny, expect, agree, believe, decide, declare,explain, hear, feel, imagine, require, order，command, etc.2)不可紧跟在某些动词后,这类动词有: let,allow, admire, like, dislike, take, forgive, etc.Eg. I take it that you must understand yourmother.我认为你要理解你的母亲.3)可作介词expect, in, but的宾语,即为: exceptthat除了; in that因为,在于; but that要不是,只是Eg. He said nothing except that he was allright. 他除了说他很好以外,别的什么都没说.4)可做形容词的宾语:be + 形容词 + that引导的宾语从句.Eg. I am sure that she will come.以下形容词后可跟由that引导的宾语从句: afraid, aware, anxious,certain, convinced, surprised, satisfied, proud, sorry, thankful, disappointed,sure, glad, content, etc.3.2 由连续代词what, 主从连词whether,if引导的宾语从句.3.2.1 用在主句的谓语动词后.Eg. I asked him if he would answer myquestions.以下的动词或词组后可跟有what,whether等引导的宾语从句: ask,advise, discover, find out, imagine, inform, inquire, know, show, tell,understand, etc.3.2.2 可用在介词后Eg. We are never satisfied with what wehave achieved. 我们不要满足于已取得的成就Jim was not aware (of) what a mistake hehad made.3.2.3 what 引导的从句可做宾语补足语.Eg. You may call me what you like.3.3 由连接副词引导的宾语从句.Eg. I forgot when and where I first metJane.I can tell you how you can learn swimmingquickly.4. 同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprisedall the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by thegeneral.2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sportsmeeting was put off.3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tomwould go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is toldby him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）关于非谓语动词的补充 非谓语动词-ing分词分句（表主动，进行）1) ing分词分句的结构模式ing分词分句可分为不带主语和连词的，带连词的，带主语的三种。a) 不带主语和连词的ing分词分句这种情况下，ing分词分句的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。e.g.Having much work to do, I left the party before it ended.b) 带连词的ing分词分句有时，ing分词分句可以带有连词。带连词的ing分词分句的逻辑主语也是主句的主语。e.g. Whensleeping, I never hear a thing. Whether working or sleeping, I always haveher in my mind. Though understanding no Greek, Charles wasable to communicate with them.c) 带主语的ing分词分句ing分词分句也能带有自己的主语，这有以下几种情况： ing分词分句做宾语时：e.g. Doyou mind my/ me making a suggestion? My parents object to my /me going out alone. ing分词分句做介词补足成分即介词宾语时：e.g. I amannoyed about John/ Johns forgetting to pay. I really care about your/ you being absentfrom my class. ing分词分句做主语时：e.g. Yourfailing to hand your composition is the major reason why I call you here. ing分词分句作独立主格结构时：e.g. Thelast bus having gone, we had to walk home. Some many members being absent, the meetinghad to be called off.此时，having been 和being有时可以省略。e.g. Thequestion (having been) settled, the meeting ended.这样，句子就变成-ed分词分句了.独立结构有时也可以由介词with引出。e.g. Hesat with his arms hanging straight down by his sides.2) ing分词分句的句法功能a) ing分词分句和不定式一样都可以在句中做主语，宾语，主语补足语和宾语补足语，有时意义没有区别，有时意义略有不同。e.g.Flying a plane is dangerous. / To fly a plane is dangerous.I like getting up early. / I like to get up early.Our duty is to serve the people heart and soul. /Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.b) ing分词分句可在句中作状语，表示多种意义。时间状语：While flying over the channel, hesaw a ship sinking.原因状语：You will make yourself more tired,keeping on your feet.让步状语：Knowing all this, they stillinsisted on my paying for the damage.结果状语：It rained heavily, causing severeflooding in that area.(主要用于表示导致的动词及动词短语)伴随状语：He ran up to her, breathingheavily.（当句子有两个动词，可以把第二个动词处理成ing分词）另外，ing分词分句的形式可分为：Exercise：1. 她坐在那里一声不响，泪水顺着面颊留下来。2. 我们开始敲门，以为那就是他的住所。3. 由于太兴奋，他不知道说什么好。-ed分词1) ed 分词分句的结构模式。ed 分词分句可分为不带主语和连词的；带连词的；带主语的三种。 a) 不带主语和连词的ed 分词, 在这种情况下，ed 分词逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 = 1 * GB3 Covered with confusion, she hurriedlyleft the room. = 2 * GB3 The castle burnt down in 1485 wasnever rebuilt. b) 带连词的ed分词分句，连词可以是when, though/ although, as if/ asthough, if, even if, once, unless, until. = 1 * GB3 If left alone on a desert island,what would you do first? = 2 * GB3 Even if invited, I wont go. = 3 * GB3 Do not leave your seat unlesstold to. c) 带主语的ed分词分句，这种结构又叫做ed 分词的独立主格结构。 = 1 * GB3 The job finished, we went homestraight away. = 2 * GB3 Her shirt caught on a nail, shecould not move. = 3 * GB3 The purse not yet found, we wentto the police. 这里的ed分词分句也可以由with引出。Theysat in the room with the curtains drawn.2) ed 分词分句的句法功能。 a) ed 分词做后置修饰语相当于一个缩略定语从句，加上连接词和系动词就可补充完整。 b) ed 分词分句作状语可表示多种含义。 时间状语：Heated,the metal expands. 原因状语：Deeplymoved, he thanked her again and again. 条件状语：Seenin this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose. 让步状语：Beatenby the police, Martin Luther King did not give up his dream. 伴随状语：Imade a leisurely round of the town, fascinated by the changes in the smalltown. c) ed 分词分句可以做宾语补足语，可以带ed 分词做宾补的动词有三类。 = 1 * GB3 see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词。We found her greatly changed. = 2 * GB3 make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”的动词。Please keep us informed of the lastdevelopments. = 3 * GB3 like, want, wish, order等表示希望，要求，命令等意义的动词。I dont want any of you (to be)involved in the scandal.Exercise:1. Do you wish your breakfast _(bring) to your room, madam?2. Just get them _(finish up) as soon as possible?3. I saw the man_(knock down) and the driver _(drive) away.4. Cars that were parked illegallywere removed.5. As they were exhausted, thechildren fell asleep at once.6. If we consider it as a work ofart, the building is rather disappointing.7. I sat in the front row. I wasequipped with a pair of binoculars. I saw everything beautifully.独立主格结构With 结构（属于独立主格，一般位于句末，也可位于句首或句中），有时可以相当于定语从句，有时相当于状语从句。可分为七种构成方式。1. with+名词或宾格代词+不定式（表将来）E.g. Withhim to give us help, we are bound to succeed.2. with+名词或宾格代词+现在分词（表主动或进行）E.g. Icant write, with you looking over my shoulder.3. with+名词或宾格代词+过去分词（表被动或完成）E.g. Shefelt nervous, with many eyes fixed on her.4. with+名词或宾格代词+介词短语E.g. Theyare sure to win the victory with so many people behind them.5. with+名词或宾格代词+形容词E.g.Never leave the room with the windows open.6. with+名词或宾格代词+副词E.g. Hehurried out with no hat on.7. with+名词或宾格代词+名词E.g. Hedied with his daughter yet a school girl.Exercise：1. 没有人照顾她，她不知道该怎么办。2. 灯都开着，我还是害怕。3. 她坐在屋里，窗帘都拉死了。4. 她坐在车里，两手被捆着。5. 他一直在我身边抱怨，我无心作任何事情。6. 他们父亲在医院里，他们不得不自己赚钱养家。例句：1. A message printed on the bagoffered leisurely, lucrative work of delivering more such bags.2. Pleased, I left town on a businesstrip.3. Her voice kept rising, as ifworking its way out of the range of the human ear.4. Obtaining an audience with son No.1, I snarled, “ Ill kill you if you threaten one of those kids again! Idiot!”5. When the “energy crisis” firstcame in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of anarea where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer astheir behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winterprogressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted.6. When cast on the moon duringeclipses, the earths shadow appears to be