2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义Unit13短文写作.doc

短文写作学员朋友们，大家好！今天我们来做一个关于英语短文写作的专题讲座，为即将参加高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试大学英语（一）的学员参考。建议大家在听本课程课之前，应当把基础班课程内容学习完毕，针对自己存在的写作问题，进一步学习、了解本讲座的内容。短文写作 概述短文写作的一般要求 能够理解所给出的语言情境，能够运用相关的语言知识完成所规定的写作任务。能正确表达思想，内容基本清晰完整，语言基本通顺，意义连贯，无重大语言错误，用词基本恰当，符合文章的特定文体格式。写作评分的标准评分标准分为五个档次。首先根据短文书写的总体质量，而不是按照语言错误的数量扣分。打分时，根据所写内容要点、篇章结构和语言运用初步确定其所属的档次，然后再具体给分。拼写、标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，字数明显不足分数要降低一个档次，书写质量较差也要降低一个档次。英、美拼写皆可接受。评分标准分为五个档次，每个档次六分（参见教学大纲） （1）第一档。25-30分。圆满地完成了试题规定的任务。清楚地表达了全部内容要点。运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。语言运用较为准确、恰当。（2）第二档。19-24分。完成了试题规定的任务。清楚地表达了全部或关键内容要点。运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的基本要求。语言运用基本正确，虽有小错，但不影响理解。（3）第三档。13-18分。基本完成了试题规定的任务。提及了关键内容要点（可能漏掉了个别内容）。运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的最低要求。存在一些语言错误，但基本不影响理解。（4）第四档。7-12分。完成了一部分试题规定的任务。遗漏或未能清楚表达内容要点，或者写了一些无关内容。语法结构和词汇的运用能力较差。语法错误较多，部分错误影响理解。（5）第五档。1-6分。未完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏内容要点，或者写了一些无关内容，可能由于未理解任务所致。语法结构和词汇的运用能力很差。语法错误很多，严重影响理解。短文写作 指导 短文写作任务内容 写作内容广泛，涉及生活、一般常识和私人信件，体裁包括记叙文、说明文、描写文、议论文、应用文等。现在英语短文写作趋势多以应用文类型为主。高自考试题中最后部分为短文写作任务，一个小题，总计30分，要求考生写一篇100词左右的短文。试卷给出题目，考生依据内容要求拓展成句进行写作。短文写作相对英语考试中的其他考题来讲是比较难的题目，因为写作题是主观性题目，考查考生书面表达（即语法知识和词汇运用的）能力。试题皆为命题写作，限定了内容，短文字数也要求尽量写够100词。所以考生必须打好基础，有扎实基本功，才能顺利完成写作任务。短文写作的最根本的基础是词汇量。许多考生单词记忆的数量太少了，或者是不知道如何用词，开始动笔写短文就会不知所措，所以先要学会熟练拼写单词，以背诵句子的方式来记忆单词。掌握了一定量的词汇（words），还要有语法知识，才能把词汇写成句子（sentence）。还应该注意到英文写作表达方式及格式与汉语的不同之处，尽量避免写病句。句子是短文写作的重要组成部分，不要求文字多么华丽，意义多么深刻，只要将句子安排好顺序组织成段落（paragraph），这就是短文（composition）的构成，呈金字塔状。 短文写作，没什么捷径可走，必须多练，熟能生巧。建议大家在备考时，每个星期至少用英语写一篇小短文，并在每一篇中尽量换一个新话题，使用已经学到的词汇、词组、短句，句型和句式。这样既可以强化记忆单词，同时也可以实践语法的正确使用，尝试自己是否可以驾驭写作英文短文。在实践中，将母语与英语渐渐的融为一体，发展自己的写作风格。短文写作注意事项 考试题目已经给出，根据规定内容，考生写出句子组织段落，反映出综合运用所掌握的知识书面表达的能力。写作时要注意表达规定内容完整全面，不能跑题；写句子时要注意符合语法要求，特别注意主谓一致、名词的单复数、动词时态、冠词的用法、介词的搭配等问题；要尽量使用英文现成的句型、固定搭配和简单直接明了的短句子，避免写病句。下面就针对句子写作中的一些典型病句进行一下分析。举例：例1：主谓一致问题：“人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么”。病句： When one have money，he can do what he want to. 答疑编号506494130101：针对该题提问改错： Once one has money，he can do what he wants（to do）.（名词的单复数例句：联合国1945年建立。The United Nations was formed in 1945.）例2：逻辑关系问题：“当我十岁时，祖父去世了”。病句：At the age of ten，my grandfather died.答疑编号506494130102：针对该题提问改错：When I was ten，my grandfather died. 例3：词义和词性问题：“没有人能够否认金钱的重要性”。病句：None can negative the importance of money.分析：negative系形容词,误作动词使用。答疑编号506494130103：针对该题提问改错：None can deny the importance of money.（背单词时，了解词性也很重要。“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用、形容词当副词用、名词当动词用等等。词义的选取要根据语境、上下文。例如：tender a. 温柔的，v.& n. 招投标；taxiway 出租车道，飞机跑道； terminal a.晚期的，n.计算机终端，公共汽车轮船等总站， 航站楼； sharp a. 锋利的，ad. 正，准时，急剧地；等等。）例4：动词时态、语态和虚拟语气等问题： 现在完成时与一般过去时的误用：“我们的学校发生了很大变化”。 病句：Our school took place great changes.答疑编号506494130104：针对该题提问改错：Great changes have taken place in our school. （分析：错误一：主语不应当用“我们学校”。谓语动词“发生”是说明“变化”的。错误二：发生变化的时间不确切，不用一般过去时态；用现在完成时态，只是为了表示状态和事实，不是为了说明变化发生的时间。）例5：介词的正确使用问题：介词的使用主要是惯用法，英语中大部分习惯用语都是由介词与其他词搭配构成的。 如何正确使用介词？介词包括常用介词和介词短语，要做到两点：了解介词基本词意和记忆常用的固定搭配、介词短语的意义。例如：except, except for, besides, 三个介词的使用except , except for “除去” 排除在外（不包括） 句子中前后两个词语表示相等成分或同类事物时，用except , 否则用except for。例如：I attended classes every day except Sunday.“除了星期天，我每天都去上课”。The composition is well written except for a few spelling errors.“这篇文章还不错，除了拼写错误外”。除了一些拼写错误外, 这篇文章写得不错。besides与except的区别及举例Our teacher invited five of us besides Tom.除了汤姆以外我们老师还邀请了我们五个人。（除了以外，还有 .）例6：常用的句型： 存在句型：最常用的 There be 句型，在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。例如：There was no school in the village at that time.或者：There was not a school in the village at that time.（注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not any后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。）There is （not） a common mistake among my students. There are many people rushing into the cities every year. There are many things （that） we can do to prevent traffic accidents.句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。下面列举的两个病句，均属这样的典型错误，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用存在句型。病句1：There are many people like to go to the movies. 许多人喜欢去电影院（看电影）。答疑编号506494130105：针对该题提问改错：There are many people who like to go to the movies.病句2：There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people. 答疑编号506494130106：针对该题提问改错：There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy at the market. 代词it的使用：用作形式主语、形式宾语等等例句：It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. 例句：We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that.习惯上的否定前置例句：“我认为他们不会推迟这次旅行的”。I dont think （that） they will put off / postpone this trip. 答疑编号506494130201：针对该题提问例句：“我认为你没有必要对她那么友好”。 I dont think （that） you need be so friendly to her. 答疑编号506494130202：针对该题提问短文写作 谋篇布局一篇短文通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，会直接影响到文章的写作质量。（1）写好文章的开头文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下子引起读者的兴趣。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种： 开门见山，揭示主题文章一开头就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。例如：“How I Spent My Vacation”（我怎样度假的）开头是这样写的：I spent my last vacation happily.答疑编号506494130203：针对该题提问下面是题为“Honesty（谈诚实）一文中的开头：例如：Honesty is a virtue. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.答疑编号506494130204：针对该题提问 以交代人物、事件、时间开头在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和时间交待清楚。例如“A Trip to Jinshan”（去金山旅游）的开头：The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. It took us three hours to get there. The long trip made us very tired，but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.答疑编号506494130205：针对该题提问 回忆性开头用回忆的方法来开头。例如：“A Trip to Mountain Tai”（泰山游）的开头是：I remember my first trip to Mountain Tai as if it were yesterday.答疑编号506494130206：针对该题提问 概括性的开头即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。例如：“The Pleasure of Reading Books”（读书的快乐）的开头：People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that reading books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.答疑编号506494130207：针对该题提问介绍环境式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。例如“An Accident”（一场事故）的开头是：It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came around the corner.答疑编号506494130208：针对该题提问交待写作目的的开头在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。例如：“Pollution Control”（控制污染）的开头：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.答疑编号506494130209：针对该题提问（2）写好文章的段落首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想。该中心由主题句来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic）。这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句。使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。第三，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。（3）作文的结尾文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种：首尾呼应，画龙点睛在文章的结尾。把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。例如：“I Cannot Forget Her”（我忘不了她）的结尾：After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was saddened by her death, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.答疑编号506494130210：针对该题提问重复主题句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。例如：“I Love My Home Town”（我爱我的家乡）结尾：I love my home town. It has changed a great deal. People there are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.答疑编号506494130211：针对该题提问自然结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”（钓鱼）的结尾：I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.答疑编号506494130212：针对该题提问含蓄性的结尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。例如“A Day of Harvesting”（收获的日子）的结尾：Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.答疑编号506494130213：针对该题提问用反问结尾虽然形式是问句但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。例如: “Should We Learn to Do Housework?”（我们要不要学做家务?）的结尾：Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree, boys and girls?答疑编号506494130214：针对该题提问指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Play Sports” （让我们参加体育运动）的结尾: As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only bring happiness but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. If you have a sound mind, you will have a healthy body. Lets play sports regularly.答疑编号506494130215：针对该题提问文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。作文谋篇布局写作举例：某英文报纸正在举办题为“My Favorite Job”的征文活动。请就此题目写一篇英文短文应征。内容包括以下两个方面：你最喜欢的工作是什么？你为什么喜欢它？ My Favorite JobI have had a variety of part-time and full-time jobs, some interesting and some dull. Ive worked in an office, a grocery store, a factory, and countless other places. After I graduated from college, I became a teacher. I definitely prefer teaching to any of the other jobs. I am a people-person and especially enjoy the interaction with the students. I also feel very fulfilled when I see the students make progress. I greatly enjoy preparing the lessons and try to create activities that are both practical and fun. While Im glad I gained much practical experience at my other jobs, I realize that I am most fulfilled as a teacher.短文写作 举例1. 写便条 Note P. 105 Practical Writing 便条就是一封简短的信件，写便条出于各种各样的目的。对比信件，便条语言是简洁的非正式的口头的形式，省略了下列几项： 收件人和发件人的地址 开头不用“Dear”称呼 结尾谦称 日期不用写上“年”Notes are short letters written for various purposes. Compared with a letter, a note is simple in form and often informal or colloquial in language. In a note, the following may be omitted: The addresses of the addressee and the addresserThe word Dear in the salutation The complimentary close The year in the date 例1：Sample 1Oct.4 Susan,A friend of yours, Keddie, called this morning while you were out. He invited you to visit the Summer Palace next Sunday morning. The car will come round at 9.am.Anne 答疑编号506494130301：针对该题提问例2：Sample 2April.4Keddie,Thanks for your invitation to visit the Summer Palace, but I am afraid that I cant go with you because of a bad cold. Well get together somewhere when I fully recover from the illness.Rose 答疑编号506494130302：针对该题提问2.写通知 Notice （Announcement） P.128 Practical Writing 写通知是为了广而告知，可以由个人、群体或组织等发布。通知中发布的信息必须简明扼要引人注目。至少包括三项：时间、地点、活动内容。A notice is written by an individual, group, organization or body to draw readers attention to a particular issue. All the required information must be given in a simple, concise, attractive manner so that people notice it. A notice includes at least three parts: Time（date, day of the week）PlaceActivity例1：Sample 1ENROLLING VOLUNTEERSNext month more than 2000 young people from 60 countries will come to the city to participate in the 2014 world robot soccer match“Robot-cup 2014”, and in order to carry out the work smoothly, we would like to ask for 120 volunteers for service activities. The requirements are as follows: The Volunteers should be healthy and helpful. They should have a very good command of English, especially speaking and listening. They should be familiar with the local sceneries, culture and customs. The enrolling time is by April 10, 2014 and the place is the Student Union of our university. Student Union答疑编号506494130303：针对该题提问例2：Sample 2AnnouncementTeachers and Students， A lecture will be delivered by Professor Chen from the English Department. It will start at 2:30 p.m. in Room 123 on Saturday. Professor Chen will mainly talk about the following ideas: Nowadays a large number of people are ready to spend their spare time and money studying foreign languages, especially English. As an important tool for communication, English language plays a significant role in our life since the world is becoming smaller; cultural and economic exchanges more and more active. All the students and teachers of the English Department are asked to attend the lecture and have a discussion after the lecture the same day.Student Association 答疑编号506494130304：针对该题提问例3：Sample 3NoticeWe are going to have an excursion on Saturday, the 12thof October.All classmatesshould meetin front of the east gate of our school where the bus will pick us up. The departure time is 7:00 am sharp. Well go to the Fragrant Hills first. After climbing the hill, we are going to the Summer Palace.Im sure wellhave a lot of fun there.Please remember tobringthe following things: bottled water, an umbrella, ahat, a flash light, and food for lunch and dinner. We plan to return around 10 pm. We look forward to seeing you on Saturday. Li Yuan 答疑编号506494130305：针对该题提问3.写信（各种信件） Sample 1 P.152 Practical Writing 邀请信 Letter of Invitation写邀请信是为了邀请朋友、亲戚、同事等人来参加聚会或会议，有两大类邀请信：私人邀请和正式邀请。婚礼邀请和生日邀请是私人邀请信，研讨会和商务邀请是正式邀请信。两种邀请卡作用一样，但针对的对象和细节不同。Invitation letters are written to invite friends, relatives and associates to parties, seminars, etc. There are two kinds of such letters: personal ones and formal ones. Wedding invitations and birthday party invitations are personal; seminar invitations and business invitations are formal. Both kinds serve the same purpose as an invitation card, but invitation letters are more personalized and detailed. 例：Dear Mr. Hofmann, I have great pleasure in inviting you to the Ideal Home Exhibition, which will be held at Expo. House from October 2ndto October 5th.The Exhibition will be open from 8:00 each morning. This event has been organized for the benefit of individuals or families who wish to make home improvements and upgrade their properties. The most recent products on the market will be displayed on more than a hundred stands. We are expecting over 25,000 visitors. Hoping that you will be able to join us.Respectfully yours, Donald Swan 答疑编号506494130306：针对该题提问Sample 2P.175 Practical Writing 感谢信 Thank-You Letter写感谢信是表达对某件事情、周到体贴的行为表现或者是对送礼者的衷心感激。一封感谢信应当是诚挚的，信中要提及为什么要感激的主题，致意的语气取决于你与被感谢人的关系。A thank-you letter or note is an expression of appreciation for a thoughtful act, expression or gift.A thank-you letter should be heartfelt. Specific reference should be made to what you are grateful for, which is the subject of the letter. The formality of your salutation should be based upon your relationship with the person whom you are thanking.例：Dear Jean and Rick, I just want to write to thank you again for the wonderful visit we had with you. We truly appreciate the time you spent with us and the kids. No wonder theyre always excited to see you! Thank you so much for the lovely meals you made for us. David loved the Chicken Paprikash and, of course, Im always a fan of your zucchini quiche. Im always inspired whenever Im with you because you have an amazing ability to create such lovely meals with such ease. And the Thanksgiving dinner was really outstanding, Jean. And thank you, Rick, for all your help with my laptop. We look forward to seeing you next year at our house! Sincerely, Mary 答疑编号506494130307：针对该题提问Sample 3 P.209 Practical Writing 投诉信 Letters of complaint 无论我们的愿望和企图如何, 在某些场合也会遇到抱怨,或者甚至我们也可能会写信投诉。写投诉信有很多原因，比如：服务差、送货迟或者货物损坏，等等。No matter how good our intentions and efforts, there are bound to be occasions when it is necessary to deal with a complaint, or even make one. Complaints may be necessary for many reasons, such as poor service, late delivery, damaged goods and so on.例：Dear Sales Manager, I am writing to complain about, Ms Maria Johnson, a salesperson in your store. Last Thursday afternoon I visited your store to look for a suit. When I asked Ms Johnson for help in finding my size, she told me she was busy and that I would have to find one myself. I explained that the reason I had come to her was because I couldnt find one. She replied in a rude tone that, if I couldnt find one, it meant the store did not have one and that I should therefore look somewhere else. I feel that Ms Johnson was rude and unnecessarily curt with me. I was prepared to wait. She could have politely told me that she would be able to help me in a moment. Instead she was abrupt and dismissive. I shop frequently at your store and I consider myself entitled to better treatment.I trust you will look into this matter. Yours sincerely Julia Taylor答疑编号506494130301：针对该题提问Sample 4 P.231 Practical Writing写信表述要求 Making a Request 在很多情况下，你需要写一封正式的信件Making a Request。例如：你可能想申请奖学金或者考虑在工作中要求升职。写这样一封信的语气十分重要。你需要提供一份证明，说明你的要求是正当合理的。记住你是申请者并且你正在把自己提交给将收到你所写信笺的人评价。所以，不要告诉他们去思考什么，而是恭谦有礼地要求他们考虑你的请求。There are many occasions on which you may need to write a formal letter making a request. For example, you may wish to apply for a grant or ask to be considered for promotion at work. The tone of such a letter is important. You need to provide evidence that your request is justified. Remember you are the petitioner and that you are submitting yourself to the judgment of the person or body you are writing to. So dont tell them what to think. Courteously ask them to consider your request.例：Dear Mr. Frasier Garrick, I am writing to seek further assistance from the Welcome Institute Scholarship Foundation. I am already deeply indebted to the trustees for funding my university education for the past two years. Without their generous support, I would have been unable to pursue my ambition to enter the medical profession. I have tried my utmost to make good use of