英汉表达的抗扰.docVIP

英汉表达的抗扰 在英语写作中，汉语思维习惯对词汇、句子结构和习惯表达等方面都容易产生负面影响。本文拟从以上三个方面举例加以说明。一、词汇方面 某些英汉词汇，搭配的方法或内涵上区别较大。在表达时，不能仅从字面意义来寻求对等表达。以下是常见若干错误及解析。误：The price of the apple is very cheap in August.正：The price of the apple is very low in August.析：在英语中修饰价格一般常用high, low. 而商品本身才用形容词cheap ,expensive或dear连用.可见cheap与汉语的“便宜”并非完全对等，在英语中 cheap指价位低的同时，也反映“质量差”。在广告类语境中，用reasonable 来替代cheap 会收到良好的效果。误：I mean to take the album along, but I forgot, so we went and fetched it. 正：I mean to bring the album along, but I forgot, so we went and fetched it.析：在汉语中“带”本身无方向性， 在英语中“带”法各异。bring(带来)、take(带去)、carry (携带) 和fetch（拿了某物又回到原地）。顺便提一下，动词send (让人送去），不是亲自送去，如：Instead of taking it myself, Ill send it.误：I persuaded my brother into giving up smoking, but he wouldnt listen to me.正：I tried to persuade my brother into giving up smoking, but he wouldnt listen to me.析：表达法persuade somebody into doing something 或persuade somebody to do something本身包含“说服某人做某事”，并不等于汉语的“劝说”。从下文来看，劝说没有成功，要用try to persuade somebody to do something或try to persuade somebody into doing something.误：Traffic in our city is too crowded.正：Traffic in our city is too heavy.析：crowded指某场所挤满了人或物。汉语中“交通拥挤”是指“道路上挤满了车辆和行人。”当然正确形式也可以改成：The streets are crowded with vehicles and people.误：Luckily, our team won theirs in the end.正：Luckily, our team beat/defeated theirs in the end.析：win 表示“胜”、“赢”其宾语不能直接跟表示人称之类的单词。如果一定要用人称作宾语，可考虑使用beat 或defeat.误：He is possible to come.正：He is likely to come.析：possible 不能用人做主语。事实上， 不能用人称作主语类似的形容词还有impossible, necessary, unnecessary, convenient等。误：China is belong to the developing country.正：China belongs to the developing country.析：显然本句的错误在于误把belong当作了形容词。事实上，动词belong 不用被动语态，也不用进行时态。误：They marched towards the direction of the famous church.正：They marched in the direction of the famous church.析：在汉语中有“朝方向”的说法，而在英语中，direction一词只能和介词in搭配，而介词towards从来也不与direction 连用。本例句可供参考的另一种正确的改法：They marched towards the famous church.误：He came true his dream.正：His dream came true./ He realized his dream.析：come true为不及物动词，不能接宾语。根据能否接宾语的特点看，类似还有表达法：go off /set off , go off/ turn off前者是不及物动词，后者是及物动词。某些动词如happen ,appear等，在英语中是典型的不及物动词，而汉语习惯表达却常常可以接宾语。在汉语中“发生变化”、“出现奇迹”诸如此类表达相当地道。误：He has got up for about 2 hours.正：He has been up for about 2 hours.析：get up是短暂性动词，其肯定形式不能与一段时间状语连用，而在汉语中，无论是延续性还是短暂性动词都可与一段时间状语连用。其它常见的短暂性动词还有buy ,marry , join, leave, come, die, borrow等。值得一提的是，在英语中，短暂性动词的否定形式可与一段时间状语连用。二、句子结构 英汉句子结构有相似之处，但也存在不少差异。汉语句子结构的定思会对英语写作产生一定的干扰。误：Though Canada is very large, but the population is quite small.正：Though Canada is very large, the population is quite small.析：在英语中关联词though 和but 只能出现一处。同理，because 和so也属于这种情况。误：He agreed me to use his computer. 正：He allowed me to use his computer.析：agree, refuse , attract ,demand, hope ,suggest, welcome等词不能接不定式作宾补，而在汉语中这些复合表达法很常见。误：In our school there are 5 students attend the meeting.正：In our school there are 5 students attending the meeting.析：在汉语中有动词重叠使用的现象，而动词本身无形式的变化。在英语中，也有动词重叠使用的现象，但需要对动词作妥善的处理，避免“串句”现象的发生。误：His left eye is blind.正：He is blind in the left eye.析：在英语中blind的主语一般是人称。在汉语，“瞎”的主语一般可以是眼睛。同理，deaf, lame 等词也有类似的用法。误：My teacher patted my shoulder.正：My teacher patted me on the shoulder. 析：pat, catch, hit, seize等动词根据英语习惯用法，一般接复合宾语，其宾语往往是动作的承受者，用介词短语作宾语补足语。误：He will by plane to Guangzhou.正：He will go to Guangzhou by plane.析：受汉语语序影响。缺乏句法的考虑，该句缺少谓语。三、习惯用语 成语“亡羊补牢”，潜台词是“为时不晚”。英语也有相仿的表达法：to mend the stable after the horse was stolen, 但它的潜台词却是“为时已晚”。由此可见，对某些习惯用语的使用，要充分考虑到英汉差异。值得注意的类似例子如：black sheep 害群之马 as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 sixes and sevens 七上八下a cat on hot bricks 热窝上的蚂蚁the apples in ones eyes 掌上明珠as wet as a drowned rat 湿得像落汤鸡goose flesh 鸡皮疙瘩Kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕to spend money as water 挥金如土 以上习语中的加点的中文形象与相应划线英语单词意义相去甚远。另如，在和外国朋友共同进餐时，如果你先用餐完毕，为表示礼节，往往会说：“慢慢吃。”相对应英语不能直译为“Please eat slowly.”而要说：“Take your time.” 或“Please enjoy your meal.” 再如，汉语“食言”，不能简单