figuresofspeech(英语修辞格复习总结).doc

5.Figures of Speech5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech (语音辞格)5.2 Semantic Figures of Speech (语义辞格)5.3 Logical Figures of Speech (逻辑辞格)5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech (句法辞格)5.1 Phonetic Figures of Speech5.1.1 Alliteration (头韵) It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. For instance: the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.5.1.2 Assonance (押韵/部分谐音)It has to do with the repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, preceded and followed by different consonants. For instance: The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea;the plowman homework plods his weary way, and leaves the world to darkness and to me.5.1.3 Consonance (尾韵)It has to do with the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different. For instance: She tipped her loyal big dog a big hug.5.1.4 Onomatopoeia (拟声)It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. For instance: on the roof of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.5.1.5 Aposiopesis (说话中断法)It is a rhetorical device of suddenly stopping in mid-sentence, as if to say more would be superfluous. An example would be the threat Get out, or else! This device often portrays its users as overcome with passion (fear, anger, excitement) or modesty.5.1.6 Apostrophe (顿呼)In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance: England! awake! awake! awake!5.1.7 Pun (双关)It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance: a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)5.2 Semantic Figures of Speech 5.2.1 Simile (明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example: As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.5.2.2 Metaphor (隐喻) It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example: the world is a stage.5.2.3 Metonymy (转喻) It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance: the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).5.2.4 Synecdoche (提喻) It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance: they say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.5.2.5 Antonomasia (换喻) It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example: Solomon for a wise man; Daniel for a wise and fair judge; Judas for a traitor.5.2.6 Personification (拟人) It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example: the wind whistled through the trees.5.2.7 Parody (戏仿) It is a kind of imitation which borrows the style and techniques of a text or writers idiolect and fits new subject matter to it. It is often used for a humorous or satirical purpose. For example: to smoke or not to smoke, that is a question5.2.8 Synesthesia (通感)It refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation of one sense that produces a mental impression associated with a different sense. For example: Posner lipstick：Music to your lips.5.2.9 Transferred epithet (移就) It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance: I spent sleepless nights on my project.5.3 Logical Figures of Speech *5.3.1 Allegory (讽喻)Allegory is a story either in verse or in prose with a double meaning: surface meaninga story, and under-the-surface meaninga hidden truth. In allegories, names of the characters and places are often symbols of certain qualities. In Banyans Pilgrims Progress, from the names of the characters “Christian”, “Mr. Blind-man”, Mr. No-good”, the names of places “Vanity Fair”, “Celestial City”, we can easily understand the meaning behind these names.*5.3.2 Allusion (暗引)It is a casual, brief and implicit reference to a famous historical or literary figure or a well-known historical event. For instance: she sat there all night as silent as the sphinx.5.3.3 Hyperbole (夸张)It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance: he almost died laughing.5.3.4 Understatement (含蓄陈述) It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance: It is no laughing matter.5.3.5 Irony (反语) It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance: we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.5.3.6 Innuendo (暗讽) It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example: the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.5.3.7 Euphemism (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance: we refer to die as pass away.5.3.8 Oxymoron (矛盾修饰) It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in “bitter-sweet memories”, “orderly chaos” and “proud humility”.*5.3.9 Analogy (类比) It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.5.3.10 Paradox (隽语)It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example: more haste, less speed.5.4 Syntactic Figures of Speech 5.4.1 Repetition (反复)It is a powerful rhetorical device which creates good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable. For example: one boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.5.4.2 Anaphora (首语重复)It is the repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses, commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism. For example: out of sight, out of mind.5.4.3 Epiphora (尾词重复)It is the repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive clauses. For example: grasp all, lose all.5.4.4 Simploce (首尾同复) It is a combination of anaphora and epiphora: the repetition of two sets of words or phrases, one set repeated at the beginning of, the other set repeated at the end of sentences or verse lines. The pattern is “ab, ab”. For example: broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.5.4.5 Anadiplosis (蝉联) It is the repetition of the last part of one unit or sentence at the beginning of the next, whose pattern is /a, a(b, bc, c.)/. For example: The king was bad tempered because he was often ill. He was often ill because he ate and drank too much.5.4.6 Parallelism (平行结构) It refers to the method of expressing ideas of equal importance in the same grammatical form, and elements parallel in meaning should be parallel in syntactic structure. For example: Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.5.4.7 Antithesis (对偶)It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example: speech is silvern; silence is golden.5.4.8 Climax (层进法)It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example: I came, I saw, I conquered.5.4.9 Anticlimax (突降法) It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance: He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen.5.4.10 Syllepsis(一笔两用法) It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example: He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example: while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figur