段落与句际关系.docVIP

段际关系: 了解文章的展开方式、抓住作者行文思路1. 了解段落之间的关系。一般首段为主题段，末段为总结段，其它段落均为发展段，目的是说明或证明主题思想。开头（现象、问题、理论、事物等）中间（解释、后果、原因、优缺点、别人观点、重要性等）结尾（意义、建议、解决、结论、作者观点、做法等）2. 文章展开的方法1) 顺接型 “And” typea. 并列、递进关系：and/also/another same/like/in a similar way/likewiseb. 因果关系：so/therefore/accordingly/as a result c. 列举：first/second/thirdd. 比较，对照：comparison（比较结构）e. 用“time” 表并列、对比 ago/recently/no链接Reading PassagesPassage 12.doc2) 逆接型 “But” typea. 转折关系but/however/yet /whereas (然而) b. 对比关系on the other hand /on the contrary/ while/in factc. 让步关系in spite of /despite/although链接Reading PassagesPassage 13.doc3. 主题句和扩展句之间的关系1) 别有用心法 用别人的错误观点，引出自己的不同观点(新老观点型)a. 由反到正: but，however，yet，unfortunately等b. 有时无明显标志，但出现：They say；they generally hold；Its universally hold；People believe等链接Reading PassagesPassage 14.doc链接Reading PassagesPassage 15.doc2) 演绎法Topic sentenceSupportive information 1Supportive information 2 Supportive information 3链接Reading PassagesPassage 12.doc3) 归纳法（总结法）Supportive information （story，incident，joke，proverb等 ） Topic sentence4. 抓住 第三词汇语法中的功能词对理解句子十分重要，同样文章中那些起组织作用的实义词对理解文章也是非常重要的，因为掌握了它们就可以大大增强阅读理解中的预知下文的能力。我们把这些词称作 第三词汇（区别于仅起语法作用的功能词和一般实义词）。抓住了它们，就抓住了文章的核心意思。这类词有很多，其中最常见的有： achieve, addition, attribute, cause, change, consequence, deny, effect, explanation, fact, form, grounds, instance, kind, manner, matter, method, opposite, point, problem, reason, respect, result, same, situation, thing, way. 1. 第三词汇主要是一些照应名词，其中包括： abstraction, approach, belief, classification, doctrine, dogma, evaluation, evidence, insight, investigation, illusion, notion, opinion, position, supposition, theory, viewpoint等等。2. 在问题-解决 文章模式中，这些 第三词汇就更加固定和明确。它们有：问题：concern, difficulty, dilemma, drawback, hamper, hinder (hindrance., obstacle, problem, snag(障碍)等。反应：change, combat(v), come up with, develop, find, measure, respond, response等 解决或结果：answer, consequence, effect, outcome, result, solution, (re)solve等。 评价：（in）effect, manage, overcome, succeed, (un)successful, viable, work(v). 3. 主张-反主张文章结构模式中的该类词汇有：claim, state, truth, false, in fact, in reality, believe等等。5. 重点句型及句际之间的关系。并列关系、转折关系、因果关系、条件关系、对比关系、观点与例证之间的关系。并列关系: in addition, besides, also, moreover, furthermore, 转折关系: in spite of, despite, however, in fact, on the other hand, on the contrary, but, yet, whereas因果关系: because(of., for this reason, owing to, thanks to, due to, since, result in(from., be responsible for, the reason why, be based on, consequently, therefore, thus, lead to, 对比关系: in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, 时间，since, now, new, nowadays, current ideas, until, recently, past, in 1950s.观点与例证: for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, such as, a good case in point is that, 强调句: above all, indeed, of course, in fact, as a matter of fact, in particular, It is that , above all/after all, be particu