定语从句大集锦【精华知识】.doc

（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导 1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as 2、关系副词：when, where, why 关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首(大家想一想什么叫从句来的? 在一个句子前面加上连词.在定语从句中这个连词叫做关系词.关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分)，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。 e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语） The comrade with whom I came knows French. （whom在从句中作介词with的宾语） 关系词的概念是:既要起连接作用,又要在从句中做成分,那么怎么作这个成分呢(下面的用法要牢记哟): 3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。 定语从句分为: 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句.怎么区分,对于我们初学者来说记住:非限制性定语从句前面或者后面有逗号! （二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整， 甚至不合逻辑。 e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited. （去掉定语从句，意思就不完整） 2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。 e.g. Toms father , who is over sixty,(看好这就是非限定性从语从句.注意到逗号了吗?) still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译） （三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题 1、that与which的区别。 1）用that而不用 which的情况： 1.在there + be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。 例如： There are two novels that I want to read.我要读的有两本小说。 There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。2.当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。 例如：This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。3.以Here is (are)开头的句子时。 例如： Here is a film that will move anyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。 Here are two books that I will buy.这是我要买的两本书。4.It is (high)time +定语从句中。 例如： It is time that we should have a rest.我们应该休息了。 It is high time that they started out. 他们该动身了。5.当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。 例如： This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。 She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羡慕我回答问题的方式。6.在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。 例如： He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.他是我曾经看到过跳得最高的学生。 My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isnt far from here. 我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。7.当先行词被the last , the very 和the only修饰时。 例如： This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我找的钢笔。 The only book I want to read is missing. 我唯一想看的书不见了。8.在强调句子中，并且以who ,which, what开头时。 例如： Who was it that was lost ?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复。） What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？9.当先行词有序数词时。 例如：You are the first person that I want to ask for.你是我要见的第一个人。 This is the second book that I have ever written.这是我写的第二本书。10.当先行词被all, every, no , some, few , little, much, both等修饰时， 例如： This is all that I want to say at the meeting.这就是我在会上要说的。 Have you any books that are worth reading?你有值的看的书吗？11.当先行词既指人又指物时。 例如： The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them .我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。 Lets talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。12.当先行词为anything、everything、nothing时，关系代词用that,不用which；但用something时，用which或者that均可。 例如： Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。 I have nothing that is worth reading.我没有什么值得一读的东西。13.当先行词是疑问代词who时。 例如： Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess?你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？2）用which而不用 that的情况： （1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.例如： The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。 This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。 注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 例如： This is thequestion which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This isthe question about which weve had so much discussion.这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。（2） 先行词为“those表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如： Students should keep in mind those regulations which restricttheir behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。 A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellerswhich are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。考题1 All _ is needed is a supply of oil. （1989） A. the thing B. that C. what D. which 答案 B解析 先行词是不定代词all， 其限定性定语从句应由关系代词that引导， 在该定语从句中充当主语。 （3） 修饰前面整个句子时 （4） 引导限制性定语从句 3）as引导定语从句时的用法 as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same as, such as结构中。 e.g. I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。 e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。 3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别 当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。 e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected. He made a long speech, which was unexpected. 当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。 e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all. 一句话语法: as 用法 1. 固定结构中,比如 such. as so.as to .; 2.如果句子译成正如.一样,一定使用 as 2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。 e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。 The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. 一句话语法: 看一个第一个例子, who 指代的是哪个, the man, 所以只能是 who lives 3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。 e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand. 4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。 e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 为什么会是这样: 关系副词=介词 + which? October 1, 1949 was the day which the Peoples Republic of China was founded on. 看一下上面这个句子,看懂了吗? which 在从句中做on的宾语(宾语有两个,前面讲过的,一个是动词宾语,另一个是介词宾语). 再看下面这个例子: October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 等量代换! 5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。 e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father. 6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。 e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school. 四关系副词常见的关系副词有when, where,why.When 的用法:1.先行词是表时间的名词，when=on whichIll never forget the day when I met you.Ill never forget the day on which I met you.2. when在从句中作时间状语：若定语从句不是缺状语，而是缺主语或宾语，要用which/that来引导。Ill never forget the time which I spent on campus.Ill never forget the day when we first met in the park.3.when 的先行词可以是含有时间意义的抽象名词。（09四川20）10. Shell never forget her stay there _D_ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.that B. which C. where D. when. Where 的用法1.先行词是表地点的名词，如place/house等。Where=at/in whichThis is the town where I spent my childhood.This is the town in which I spent my childhood.2.where在句中作地点状语：若定语从句缺主语或宾语，要用which/that引导定语从句。This is the town where I spent my childhood.This is the town which I told you about before.3.where 的先行词可以是含有地点意义的抽象名词，如situation,point等。2007 江西卷7. After gradutation she reached a point in her career D she heeded to decion what to do. A.that B.what C.which D.where. Why的用法：1. 先行词是reason等表原因的名词 why=for which You are the reason why I stay.2. *只引导限制性定语从句五介词+关系代词.从定语从句中找线索1.定语从句中的动词：所选介词需于动词搭配（09陕西11） Gun control is a subject _C_ Americans have argued for a long time. A.of which B. with which C. about which D. into which 2.定语从句中的形容词He referred me to some reference book with which I am not vey familiar.3.定语从句中的名词I am sending you an inquiry, to which your prompt attention is highly appreciated. .从先行词判断：介词与先行词构成固定搭配At the area, to the extent, to the degree,at the temperature ,etc.2007 重庆卷 30 Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _B_ they can be controlled on purpose. A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which.表示所属关系或部分关系与整体关系时用介词of(08 四川卷)4. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _C_ New York is an example.A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which六限制性和非限制定语从句1形式上区别：“逗号”2. 意义上的区别：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句* 如果定语从句修饰的是一个专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句。C.可限制性也可非限制性的定语从句：二者强调的意义不一样。 He has a daughter who works in a hospital. He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.*两种定语从句翻译有差别：限制性定语从句一般译为“的”定语形式；而非限制性定语从句往往译为各种状语（尤以原因状语居多）。The food, which wasnt in the fridge, all went off.The people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family. What的用法：含义为the thing that; all that 1.what前不能有先行词：what=“特定的先行词+that”All_D_ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.what is needed B.the things needed C.for our needs D. that is needed2.what 单独使用作关系代词表人也表物She is not what she used to be. 3.what + 名词 ：意为“所有的，尽可能多的”I will give you what help I can.八总结：1.近五年定语从句都是高考的重点，注重考查定语从句的关系代词和关系副词以及介词+关系词等知识点。2.关系副词的选用为难点，难在要分析关系词在定语从句中充当的成分，需要考生在做题时细致分析关系词的成分。3.湖北省高考定语从句的考查近年来无单独考查情况，主要集中在完成句子、完形中，仍需要扎实巩固定语从句中涉及的语法点。【定语从句 】下面我们来做练习: 1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London. A. who B. which C. whom D. when 2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers. A. whose B. who C. whom D. which 3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten. A. that B. which C. what D. as 4. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily? A. when B. where C. which D. who 5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week. A. which B. that C. whom D. as 1-5 ABACD 6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here. A. whom B. which C. who D. when 7. Where is the man _ I met this morning? A. when B. where C. which D. who 8. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there? A. who B. / C. that D. when 9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker. A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who 10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour. A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which 6-10 CDCCA 11. The doctor _ is leaving for Africa next month. A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 12. The man _ around our school is from America. A. which you showed B. you showed him C. you showed D. where you showed 13. He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who 14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French. A. where B. who C. in which D. which 15. Have you read the book _ I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose 11-15 CCADA 16. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police. A. that B. which C. whatever D. all 17. The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport. A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those 18. This is the very letter _came last night. A. who B. which C. that D. as 19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask _ knows better than I. A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one 20. This is the school _ we visited three days ago. A. where B. / C. when D. what 16-20 ACCAB 21. This is the factory _ we worked a year ago. A. where B. that C. which D. on which 22. Nearby were two canoes _ they had come to the island. A. which B. in which C. that D. / 23. Jack is pleased with _ you have given him and all _ you have told him. A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which 24. Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow? A. that B. which C. its D. whose 25. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom 21-25 ABBDC 26. Is this school _ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. which C. that D. where 27. Is this the school _ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. where C. in which D. / 28, How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country? A. whose B. who C. whom D. which 29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise. A. it B. which C. that D. he 30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage _ already seven other people. A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were 26-30 ADABD 31. I live in the house _ windows face south. A. which B. whose C. where D. in that 32. - What game is popular with them? - The _ most is tennis. A. game they like it B. game they like C. best game they like D. best game they like it 33. They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had. A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which 34. The room _ Mr White lives is not very large. A. that B. which C. where D. when 35. Dont forget the day _ you were received into the Youth League. A. when B. that C. at which D. where 31-35 BBDCA 36. Ive finished writing the novel, _ is to be published next month. A. that B. what C. which D. when 37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected. A. which B. as C. that D. it 38. _ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn. A. What B. As C. That D. Which 39. The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War . A. whose B. that C. whom D. who 40. I have bought two pens, _ write well. A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which 36-40 CABCC 41. Do you know the reason _ she has changed her mind? A. why B. which C. for that D. of which 42. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough. A. which B. what C. it D. that 43. During the week _ he tried to collect material