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临床医师如何处理肺动脉高压 中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学 阜外心血管病医院 程显声 2009年10月11日(长城会 ),一、目的 1.如何学习和掌握肺动脉高压的快速进展与变 化,如定义、分类、诊断、治疗及指南等; 2.如何执行肺动脉高压指南; 3.如何参加“肺动脉高压多中心临床试验”; 4.如何做好日常工作。,二、肺动脉高压的定义与术语中文译名 (一)定义 肺动脉高压是血流动力学和病理生理学紊乱(condition) ,静息下右心导管术检查mPAP25mm Hg(适用全部PH);毛细血 管前PH: PWP15mm Hg, CO正常或减少;毛细血管后PH :PWP 15mm Hg, CO正常或减少(被动性TPG12mm Hg,反应性TPG12mm Hg)。新的PH的阈值mPAP21mm Hg, 21-25mm Hg为临界PH, 25mm Hg为表现型PH。 (二)术语译名 Pulmonary hypertension, PH, PHT(肺动脉高压 Pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH 动脉型(性)肺动 脉高压、肺高血压(肺高压) Unexplained pulmonary hypertension, UPH(不能解释的肺 动脉高压),三、肺动脉高压临床分类的变化 1975 WHO(PPH专家委员会)日内瓦 1998 WHO 法国依云 2003 WHO 意大利威尼斯 2008 肺动脉高压学会 美国Dana Point 意义: 1. 对肺动脉高压的本质及其发病机制认识的深入 2. 对继发性肺动脉高压与基础疾病间关系认识的深入 3. 从动脉型肺动脉高压向其他型肺动脉高压扩展,更 趋全面 4. 更加符合实用,便于临床诊断与治疗,表2 1998年与2003年肺动脉高压的分类 1998(埃维安) 2003(威尼斯) 1.动脉型(性)PAH 1.PPH不再应用 PPH 散发性 特发性 PAH 家族性 家族性 PAH 相关与: 相关与: 结缔组织病 结缔组织病 HIV HIV 药物和毒素 门脉高压 门脉高压 节食药 节食药 艾森曼格综合征 先心病 新生儿持续性 PH 新生儿持续性 PH 明显的肺静脉和/或肺毛细血 管受累 ,其他类型PH 2.肺静脉高压性 2.左心疾病性PH (如继发左心疾病) 3.呼吸系统相关性PH 3.肺疾病和/或低氧血症性PH 4.慢性血栓拴塞性PH 4.慢性血栓形成和/或拴塞 疾病性PH 5.影响肺血管结构的杂类PH 5.影响肺血管结构的杂类PH (如结节病) (如结节病),肺动脉高压的最新临床分类(Dana Point 2008) 1.动脉型(性)肺动脉高压(PAH) (1)特发性 (2)遗传性 1)BAPR2 2)ALKI,内皮连蛋白(有或无遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症) 3)原因不明的 (3)药物和毒素引起的 (4)相关性的(APAH) 1)血吸虫病 2)慢性溶血性贫血 (5)新生儿持续性肺动脉高压 1.肺静脉堵塞病和/或肺毛细血管瘤样扩张症,2.左心疾病引起的肺动脉高压 1)收缩功能不全 2)舒张功能不全 3)瓣膜性 3.肺疾病和/或低氧血症性肺动脉高压 1)COPD 2)间质性肺病 3)伴混合限制性和阻塞性其他肺疾病 4)睡眠呼吸紊乱性 5)肺泡低通气紊乱 6)慢性高原暴露 7)发育异常 4.慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压,5.原因不清和/或多因素机制的肺动脉高压 1)血液学紊乱:骨髓组织增殖紊乱、脾切除术 2)全身性疾病、结节病、肺朗罕细胞组织细胞增生病、淋巴血管平滑肌瘤病、神经纤维瘤病、血管炎 3)代谢紊乱:糖原积蓄病、Gaucher 病、甲状腺疾病 4)其他:肿瘤堵塞、纤维化性纵膈炎、慢性肾功能衰竭透析,四、肺动脉高压的诊断 有无肺动脉高压; 肺动脉高压的原因与类型; 肺动脉高压的严重程度(NYHA功能分级、WHO PHA功能分 级、6MWT及血流动力学检查等); 肺动脉高压的可逆性( 急性血管扩张药物试验); 右心功能状态; 肺动脉高压患者的预后。,(一)肺高压有创和无创性检查 有创性: 无创性: - 右或左心导管术 - 胸部X线平片、心电图、 - 肺动脉造影 超声/多普勒、CT、MRI、 - 肺活检 - 肺功能 - 生物标记物 - 功能测定(6MWT等),(二)无创性(超声/多普勒)血流动力学检测 1. 估测: - 肺动脉收缩压 - 右心室收缩压 - 肺动脉平均压 - 肺动脉舒张压 - 肺血管容量 - 每搏量(SV)/搏动压(PP) - RVdp/dt - 肺血管阻力,2. 超声心动图诊断肺高压的限制 15%的患者测不到三尖瓣返流束 -盐水对比剂可提高三尖瓣返流束的检出率 不是所有的先心病都能检出 左室充盈压或心排出量(CO)的测定方法不可靠 三尖瓣返流速率测量的微小误差可明显改变结果 三尖瓣返流速率可以低估或高估右心室收缩压,3. 超声心导管术右室收缩压不相关的原因 低估三尖瓣返流速率 - 取不到峰值信号,线性不满意 高估三尖瓣返流速率 - 取到过多的模糊信号 右心房压估计不准确 条件改变压力改变 心导管检查不准确,(三)肺高压心导管检查 1.为何要进行血流动力学评估 (1)定义(诊断标准) (2)肺高压是血流动力学紊乱(disorder) -为准确诊断 -为确定病因 -为选择治疗 -为评估预后 -可估测病情进展 - 确定肺移植时间 -可预测钙拮抗剂反应,2. 有创性血流动力学评估(右和左心导管术) 测量: - 所有上述内容 - 左室充盈压 - 肺毛细血管楔压 - 左房压 - 左室舒张终末压 - 肺血流量 - 平均右房压 - 急性血管扩张药物试验,4.有创或无创血流动力学评估 比较“准确性”的意义 其他问题: - 单一时间点的信息代表性 - 随诊的可行性 - 信息量 - 信息的有用性 预后,1985,2009,5. 基于静息三尖瓣反流峰速率,Doppler估测SPAP (RAP=5mm Hg)及其他提示PH的超声变量提示 存在PH的规定标准: 超声诊断PH不可能:三尖瓣反流速率2.8m/sec, SPAP36mm Hg, 无其他提示PH的超声变量; 超声诊断PH可能:三尖瓣反流速率2.8m/sec, SPAP36mm Hg, 但有提示PH的其他超声变量; 三尖瓣反流速率2.9-3.4m/sec, SPAP37-50mm Hg, 有或无提示PH的其他超声变量; 超声诊断PH很可能:三尖瓣反流速率 3.4m/sec, SPAP 50mm Hg, 有或无提示PH的其他超声变量; 不推荐运动超声Doppler筛查PH。,五、与心脏科密切的两种情况 (一)先心病PAH的分类: 1. 艾森门格综合征:因大的缺损引起的体-肺分流导致的严重PVR增加,变成肺-体或双向分流、紫绀、红细胞增多及存在多器官受累,能否靶向治疗手术; 2. 体-肺分流并发的PAH:中到大的缺损,PVR轻到中度增加,体-肺分流仍大量存在,静息无紫绀; 3. 小缺损肺动脉高压(通常VSD1cm; ASD2cm):临床表现非常类似IPAH。 4. 心外科矫治后PAH:先心病已矫治,术后即刻或数月、数年后PAH复发,且无新的或残留缺损(ASD12%,VSD13%),靶向治疗疗效?。,(二)左心疾病性PH 患病率高,占人群筛查肺动脉高压的第一位, 约78.8%以上。 1. 收缩性心功能不全; 2. 舒张性心功能不全:LVEF正常(45%), 舒张功能不全(约占心衰的50%)肺动脉高压 和肺血管病变很常见,早期的临床表现为肺淤 血,易被临床忽视,常发生于糖尿病、高血压 及冠心病患者。 3. 瓣膜病性。,患者,男性,51岁。 1985年体检发现心脏杂音,诊断“风心病,二尖瓣狭窄”。1988年在北京安贞医院行二尖瓣置换术,术后症状消失,活动耐力正常。规律服用华法林抗凝,美托洛尔及地高辛控制房颤心室率。 于2005年患者再次出现活动后气短,双下肢水肿,症状加重,就诊于安贞医院,给予利尿、控制心率等治疗,症状好转。本次因入院前3天出现咯血,伴有气短,不能平卧。 查体:T 36。C, P 97次/分,R 20次/分,Bp140/100mmHg。端坐位,双肺大量湿罗音,为大水泡音,心率130次/分,律不齐,S1强弱不等,三尖瓣听诊区可闻及2/6级收缩期杂音。腹软,双下肢不肿,利尿药治疗后症状好转。 辅助检查:超声心动图估测肺动脉收缩压102mmHg,ECG和 胸片见后。,治疗前,治疗后,ECG:电轴右偏,RVH?,问题: 1. 肺动脉高压的发生机制是什么? 2. 肺动脉高压病变如何评估? 3. 肺动脉高压对患者预后有何影响? 4. 如何预防和治疗本型肺动脉高压?可否使用 靶向治疗药物?,六、现行肺动脉高压的治疗指南 WHO威尼斯会议纪要 - 指南(病理学、基因学、终点、诊断、治疗);( JACC 2004) 美国胸科医师学会共识指南: - 筛查、早期检测、诊断;Chest 2004 - 治疗;( Chest 2004, 2007) 欧洲心脏学会(Eu)共识指南: - 诊断与治疗;(Eur Heart J 2004) 美国Dana Point 肺动脉高压研讨会(2008.09.21) ACCF(美国心脏学会基金会)/AHA(美国心脏学会)(-1st JACC 2009 , March),联合治疗? 前列环素 波生坦 西地那非,持续有效,一般治疗措施,急性血管反应性试验特发性(A)其他(E/C),阳性,阴性,口服CCB IPAH(A) PAH(E/B)其他,功能级,功能级,功能级,西地那非(A) 曲前列环素皮下(C) 依前列醇(A) 曲前列环素静脉(C),波生坦(A) 西地那非(A) 依前列醇(A) 吸入依洛前列素(A) 曲前列环素皮下(B) 曲前列环素静脉(C),依前列醇静滴(A) 波生坦(B) 吸入依洛前列素(B) 西地那非(C) 曲前列环素皮下(C) 曲前列环素静滴脉(C),(一)症状性肺动脉高压,不改善或恶化,安贝生坦 他达拉非,否,是,房间隔造口术肺移植,继续CCB,(二)肺动脉高压内科治疗流程,一般治疗 口服抗凝药利尿药氧疗地高辛,急性血管反应性试验,阳性,阴性,口服CCB,低危,高危,持续好转,内皮素受体拮抗剂 磷酸二酯酶-5抑制剂 (口服);依前列 醇 或曲前列环素(静脉) 依洛前列素(吸入) 曲前列环素(皮下),依前列醇 或曲前列环素(静脉) 依洛前列素(吸入) 内皮素受体拮抗剂或 磷酸二酯酶-5抑制剂(口服) 曲前列环素(皮下),检查方案 联合治疗,房间隔造口术 肺移植,临床再评估,如治疗指南 不满足,考虑附加治疗,是,否,继续CCB,(三) 肺动脉高压内科治疗流程(危险度) 危险因素 低 危 高危 右心衰临床证据 无 有 进展 逐渐 迅速 WHO功能分级 、 6分钟步行距离 较长(400m) 较短(300m) 心肺运动试验 10.4ml/kg/min 10.4ml/kg/min (pkVO2) B型利钠肽 轻度升高 非常高 超声心动图 轻度右心功能不全 心包积液、明显右心功能不全 血流动力学 正常/接近正常右房压 右房压高 心脏指数 心脏指数低,(四)长期钙拮抗剂有效(95%CI) 特发性PAH 7.5% 节食性PAH 7.9% 结缔组织相关性PAH 1.2% HIVPAH 1.6% 门脉性PH 0.7%,七、QuERI注册登记PAH的治疗 按ACCP推荐的PAH处理: 52名美国专科医生,517例PAH患者。特发性:37%;家族性:3%;相关性:50%。 治疗:依前列醇/吸入依洛前列素/曲前列环素(PGI):33.7%; 西地那非(SID): 37.3%; 波生但(BOS):53.1%; 联合治疗:PGI+SID:16.9%; BOS+SID:18.2%; PGI+BOS:15.6%; PGI+BOS+SID:6.7%; 未治疗:19.8%。 96例服CCB, 27例做过急性药物试验(占总数的6.3%),其中仅6例有ACCP推荐的明确血管反应性。抗凝治疗:44%;利尿药:功能分级、级分别为:40%、53%及72%;抗醛固酮药:21%;地高辛16%。,八、肺动脉高压的随诊 (一)症状:疲乏、气短,运动耐受力(6分钟步行距离)等; (二)体征:心衰征象外,脉搏及血压的数量和质量变化,P2响度及三尖瓣杂音强度变化等; (三)实验室检查:X线胸片、心电图、超声/多普勒、MR、核素造影等; (四)肺动脉压力的评估: PAP=CO(肺血流量) PVR PAP、PAP、PAP的解释,综合判断,包括肺循环血流动力学和右心功能的参数变化。,九、总结 1. 了解有关肺动脉高压的发展与变化; 2. 研究者必须严格执行研究方案; 3. 临床医师应尽可能参照指南施治; 4. 基于“个体化”原则处理肺高压患者; 5. 临床医师的行医宗旨是利用肺高 压的现代知识最好的服务于患者, (如老年人的不能解释的肺高压)。,谢谢!,A clinician how to manage pulmonary hypertension Xiansheng Cheng MD Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Pulmonary Vascular Disease Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital CAMS & PUMC Oct 11. 2009 (Great Wall),1. Aim: (1) How to learn and apply the recent advance and changes in PAH: definition, classification, diagnosis, treatment and “ guideline”? (2) How to carry out the ? (3) How to join the multicenter clinical trials? (4) How to do everyday practice ?,2. Definition and Chinese translation of the term “pulmonary hypertension” (1) Definition PH is an haemodynamic and pathophysiological condition defined as an increase in mPAP25mm Hg at rest as assessed by RHC. Pre-capillary PH:PWP15mm Hg; Post- capillary PH15mm Hg, CO normal or reduced (Passive TPG12mm Hg, Reactive TPG12mm Hg). New PH thresholds for mPAP21mm Hg(normal);21-25mm Hg(borderline); 25mm Hg(manifest PH). (2) How to translate PH (or PAH) to Chinese (debate) :1) PH, 2) PAH, 3) UPH,3. Changes in clinical classification of PH 1975 WHO (PPH expert committee) Geneva 1998 WHO France Evan 2003 WHO Italy Venice 2008 PH Association US Dana Point Significance: 1. Recognition enhancement of the nature and pathogenesis of PH. 2. Recognition improvement of relationship between PH and underlying disease 3. Alone PAH expand to some type of PH, more perfect 4. To facilitate clinical practice,(1) Evan criteria(1998) (2) Venice(2003) 1. PPH 1. PPH no longer used Sporadic Idiopathic PAH Familial Familial PAH Related to Related to CTD CTD HIV HIV drugs and toxins Portal hypertension Portal hypertension Anorexigens Anorexigens Eisenmengers S CHD Persistent PH of the newborn Persistent PH of the newborn Significant venous and/or capillary involvement,(1)WHO criteria(1998) (2)Venice(2003) Other forms of PH 2. PVH 2. PH with left heart disease 3. PH related to disorders 3. PH with lung disease and/or of the respiratory system hypoxemia 4. CTEPH 4. PH due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease 5. Miscellaneous disorders 5. Miscellaneous disorders affecting pulmonary affecting pulmonary vasculature vasculature,(3) Updated clinical classification of PH(Dana Point) 1.PAH 1.1 Idiopathic 1.2 Heritable 1.2.1 BMPR2 1.2.2 ALKI, endoglin ( with or without hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia ) 1.3 Drug and toxins induced 1.4 Associated with (APAH) 1.4.1 Connective tissue diseases 1.4.2 HIV infection 1.4.3 Portal hypertension 1.4.4 Congenital heart disease 1.4.5 Schistosomiasis 1.4.6 Chronic haemolytic anaemia,1.5 Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn 1. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and/or pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis 2. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease 2.1 Systolic dysfunction 2.2 Diastolic dysfunction 2.3 Valvular disease 3. Pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxemia 3.1 COPD 3.2 Interstitial lung disease 3.3 Other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern 3.4 Sleep disordered breathing 3.5 Alveolar hypoventilation disorders 3.6 Chronic exposure to high altitude,3.7 Developmental abnormalities 4. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension 5. PH with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms 5.1 Haemotological disorders: myeloproliferative disorders, splenectomy 5.2 Systemic disorders, sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histocytosis, lymphagioleiomyomatosis, neurofibromatosis, vasculitis 5.3 Matabolic disorders: glycogen storage disease, Gaucher disease, thyroid disorders 5.4 Others: tumoral obstruction, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic renal failure on dialysis ALKI = actvin receptor-like kinase 1 gene,4. Diagnosis of PH (1) Presence or absence of PH? (2) Cause and pattern of PH? (3) Severity of PH (6MWT, hemodynamics, etc.)? (4) Right ventricular function (5) Reversibility of PH (acute vasodilator testing)? (6) Prognosis of patient with PH,(1) Invasive vs Noninvasive Modalities (PAH) Diagnosis: Invasive: Noninvasive: R & L Heart Cath CXR, ECG pulmonary Echo/Doppler, Angiography CT, MRI Lung Biopsy PFTs Biomarkers Functional Tests,(2) Noninvasive (Echo/Doppler) Hemodynamic Assessment 1) Estimates: - Systolic PA pressure - right ventricular systolic pressure - Mean PA pressure - Diastolic PA pressure - Pulmonary vascular capacitance - SV/PP - RV dp/dt - Pulmonary vascular resistance,2) Echocardiography in Diagnosing PH Limitations . 15% of patients will not display TR jets - Saline contrast can enhance TR jet . Not all congenital heart lesions will be obvious . Poor method to measure LV filling pressure or cardiac output (CO) . Small errors in TR velocity (TRV) measuremends can significantly alter results . TRV can underestimate RVSP or overestimate RVSP,3) Reasons for failure of echo-cath RVSP correlation . Underestimating TR velocity -not getting peak signal, poor alignment . Overestimating TR velocity-taking over- gained shaggy signals . Failing to adequately assess right atrial pressure . Changing conditions-changing pressures . Cath inaccuracies,(3)Cardiac Catheterization in PAH: 1) WHY PERRFORM HEMODYNAMIC EVALUATION? By definition, Pulmonary Hypertension is a Hemodynamic Disorder . For accurate diagnosis . For establishing etiology . For treatment selection . Permits estimation of prognosis . Permits assessment of progression . Timing of transplantation . Permits prediction of response to chronic calcium blocker Rx,2) Invasive (R & L Heart Cath) Hemodynamic Assessment Measures: - All of the previous - Left heart filling pressure - PCWP - Left atrial pressure - LV end- diastolic pressure - Pulmonary blood flow - Mean right atrial pressure - Acute response to vasodilators,4) Invasive vs Noninvasive Hemodynamic Assessment . Is comparing “Accuracy” meaningful? . Other issues: . Representativeness of information at single point in time . Feasibility for follow-up . Breadth of information . Usefulness of information . Prognosis,1985,2009,5. Arbitrary criteria for the presence of PH based on TR peak velocity Doppler-estimated SPAP at rest (assuming a normal RAP=5mm Hg) and on additional echo variables suggestive of PH Echo diagnosis: PH unlikely TRV2.8m/sec, SPAP36mm Hg and no echo variables of PH Echo diagnosis: PH possible TRV2.8m/sec, SPAP36mm Hg but presence of echo variables of PH, or TRV 2.9-3.4m/sec, SPAP 37-50mm Hg with/without echo variables of PH Echo diagnosis: PH likely TVR 3.4m/sec, SPAP 50mm Hg, with/without echo variables of PH Exercise Doppler / Echo is not recommended for screening of PH,6. Two conditions closely rerated to Cardiology (1) The classification of CHD associated with PAH 1) Eisenmengers syndrome-target therapy- bridge-operation? 2) PAH (moderate to large defects) associated with large S-to-P shunts 3) PAH with small defects(VSD1cm,ASD2cm) 4) PAH after corrective cardiac surgery-how to prevent and treat it?,(2) PH due to left heart disease Prevalence of 78.8%, it is important clinical issue 1) Systolic dysfunction 2) Diastolic dysfunction (LVEF45%), approximately 50% 3) Valvular disease,Case report Patient male 51 years old, was found cardiac murmur in1985. He underwent mitral valve replacement in 1988, in post-operation his symptoms disappeared and excise tolerance was normal. He regularly took warfarin, metoprolol and digoxin . In 2005 the patient recurred exertional dyspnea, extremitas edema, that were alleviative after treatment. He was admitted to hospital with hemoptysis and nocturnal dyspnea for three days. Physical exam: T36, P97bpm, Bp140/100mm Hg. Sitting position, numerous rales in lungs, HR130bpm, irregular rhythm, 2/6SM in TV area, heptomegaly, no edema in low extremity. Echocardiography estimated SPAP=102mm Hg, ECG and chest X-ray film see next slide. Diagnosis: chronic rheumatic heart disease, post-MV replacement, heart failure, secondary PH.,Pre-treatment,Post-treatment,ECG: E-axis to right,RVH?,Questions: 1. What is the pathogenesis of the PH? 2. How to evaluate the pulmonary vascular lesion? 3. What is the impact of the secondary PH on prognosis of the patient? 4. How to prevent and treat the pattern of PH? Whether to can use target therapy?,7.Current PAH Treatment Guidelines WHO-Venice Proceedings: - A - to Z ( Pathobiology, Genetics, Endpoints Diagnosis, Treatment ); (JACC 2004) ACCP(US) Consensus Guidelines: - Screening, Early Detection, Diagnosis; (CHEST 2004) - Treatments; CHEST 2004, 200 ESC(EU) Consensus Guidelines: - Diagnosis and Treatment; (Eur Heart J 2004 ) ACCF/AHA ( 1st Presented at JACC; March, 2009),(1)Symptomatic PAH,Combination Therapy? Prostanoid Bosentan Sildenafil,General Treatment Measure,Acute Vasoreactivity Testing (A IPAH,E/C for other PAH),Positive,Negative,Oral CCB B for IPAH, E/B for other PAH,Sustained Response?,yes,No,FC,FC,FC,Sildenafil A Treprostinii SC C Treprostinii IV C,Bosentan A Sildenafil A Epoprostenol A Iloprost inh A Treprostinii SC B Treprostinii IV C,Epoprostenol IV A Bosentan B Iloprost inh B Sildenafil C Treprostinii SC C Treprostinii IV C,ambrientan tadalafil,No Improvement or deterioration,Atrioseptostomy Lung Transplantation,Continue CCB,(2) Algorithm for the medical treatment of PAH,General Care Oral anticoagulants diuretics oxygen digoxin,Acute vasoreaction testing,Positive,Negative,Lower Risk,Higher Risk,Oral CCB,Sustained Response,No,Yes,Continued CCB,ETRAs or PDE-5 inhibitors (oral) Epoprostenol or Treprostinil (i.v.) Iloprost (inh) Treprostinil (sc),Epoprostenol or Treprostinil (i.v.) Iloprost (inh) ETRAs or PDE-5 inhibitors (oral) Treprostinil (s.c.),Investigational Protocols Combination Regimens,Atrioseptostomy Transplantation,Clinical reassessment Consider Additional Therapy if Treatment Guides are not Met,(3) Algorithm for the medical treatment of PAH (risk stratification) lower Determinants of Risk Higher No Clinical Evidence of RV Yes Failure Gradual Progression Rapid WHO Class Longer (400m) 6MWD Shorter (300m) 10.4 ml/kg/min CPET (Pk VO2 ) added 10.4ml/kg/min Minimally elevated BNP very elevated Minimal RV dysfunction Echocardiographic Pericardial effusion findings Significant RV dysfunction Normal/Near normal Hemodynamics High

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