自考英语Englishjy05011.doc

高等教育自学考试网上辅导英语（一）Text AFallacies about FoodI.New Words1.bravery/foundation/mixture/combination（含有名词后缀的单词）2.civilized/magical/poisonous/helpful（含有形容词后缀的单词）3.chiefly4.carbohydrate（带有前缀的单词）（carbo means碳）5.digest（既可做动词v.表意为消化；又可做名词n.表意为文摘）digestion（n.）消化digestive（a.）消化indigestive（a.）不消化的6.man-eating/overseas/widespread（合成词）fallacyquality1.qualityquantity二者要区分出来，均为名词，但quality表意为质量，quantity表意为数量。二者的修饰方法也有不同：例如：high quality表示质量很高、good quality质量很好。quantity通常会构成短语：例如：a large quantity of表意为大量的deer 单复数同形（如：sheep）savage 同意词有：cruel比较残忍的、残酷的tribebravery形容词为：brave2.eager常用句式（两个短语）be eager to do非常渴望去做某事for example: My little brother is eager to know anythingbe eager for渴望得到东西for example: Everybody is eager for success.3.root n. 1.树根；2.根源for example: Money is often said to be the root of the evil.magical a. 魔术的，不可思议的，迷人的 magical view 迷人的风景overseas（双重词性：形容词和副词）overseas students 留学生（overseas形容词的用法）live overseas某人已经在国外生活、定居helpful 给予帮助的，有益的for example: He is always very helpful to his mother（他一向都是他妈妈的得力助手）digestive a. 消化的（digestive juice 消化液）juice n. 汁，液for example: orange juice 橙汁4.belief/believebelief n. 信仰believe v. 相信、认为5.contain vt. 包含、容纳 contain/hold/includeFor example:1.This book contains almost all kinds of knowledge.（这本书几乎包括了各种知识）2.A kilometer contains one thousand meters.（一公里包括一千米路）3.what does that box contain？（那个盒子里装的什么？）contain 还有另一层意思：be capable of holding something 可以容纳东西，此时与hold意思相同。二者的区别为：contain的宾语一般为物，包括东西、含有东西而hold的宾语一般既可以是物，也可以是人。For example:1.How much oil does this bottle contain？（这个瓶子能装多少油？）2.My brain cant hold so much information at one time.（我的脑袋一次装不了这么多的信息）3.Our classroom can hold fifty students.(我们的教室能够容纳五十个学生)include: have somebody/something at part of the wholefor example: Your duties include receiving calls and typing papers.（你的职责一般就是接电话、打文件）including（为include的介词形式） 包括，用于罗列事务。for example: I have a very big family including my parents、my sister and my five elder brothers and I.（我有一个很大的家庭，包括：家庭成员）.Phrases and Expressions1.substitute for n . 的替代物for example: The secretary is the substitute for her manager to attend the meeting. （秘书代替经理参加了会议）Sometimes tea can be substituted for wine.(有时茶水可以做为酒的替代物)2.to haveto do with 与有关（have后面通常可以加一定的单词或短语。通常为：nothing、little、something、much、a great deal ）表示两者之间相关联的程度。for example: My decision has something to do with his idea.（我最后做的决定和他的观点有一定的关系）Bills success has much to do with his hard work.（比尔盖茨的成功和他的努力工作有非常大的关系）3.as a matter of fact 事实上，实际上for example: As a matter of fact the story is completely made up.（事实上这个故事纯属是编造的）4.to think ofas 把看成for example: Most people think of him as a fool.（大多数的人都把他看成是个傻瓜）Fallacies about Food（关于食物的一些错误的说法）Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an（表示种类） animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for（有归属感、所有、所属） themselves.注：primitive 原始的primitive peoples 原始的民族for example: There are fifty-six peoples in china.（中国有五十六个民族）by eating （by 通过方式，通过某种途径）通过吃此句话的表意为很多原始的民族都认为他们通过吃某种动物，他们自己就能够得到这种动物相对应的优良品质。They thought for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.eating deer （为动名词短语做主语）吃鹿肉would make 是一种虚拟的语气。1.make sb do（+a.）是使让动词for example: The good news make him sing all day long.（那个好消息让他一整天都很高兴）其中的sing实际上是省略了to的动词不定式，因为动词不定式用在感官使让动词后面，不定式的符号to是要去掉的。这个去掉了to 的不定式在句子中作宾语补足语。同样，make sb +a .中的a.也是宾补成份。Flowers make park more beautiful（花儿使得这个花园看起来更加的漂亮） Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.（还有一些野蛮的民族认为吃那些在战役当中表现出勇敢的那些人，能够使他们变得勇敢。）eating enemies 吃敌人had shown （过去完成时，时间发生在过去的过去。）Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.（吃人这件事情的起因有可能是因为人们非常渴望能够像他们敌人一样强大、勇敢）may（情态动词。，表示猜测、有可能） have started may+have+V.pp（情态动词的完成式）for example: He may have considered going there, but he hasnt by now.（他有可能曾经考虑过去那个地方，但是迄今为止他还没有去。）Among civilized people it（形式主语） was once thought that ginger root by some magical power（能力、力量） could improve（make something better ，提高） the memory.（姜根凭借着某种魔力能够提高人的记忆力。）Among（在很多很多人当中，一般在三者或三者以上）Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers.（鸡蛋被认为能够让人的嗓音变得更甜美，西红柿也被认为有一些魔力。）They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love（坠入爱河）.（西红柿被称作爱情之果，它们也被认为能够使得吃了它们的人坠入爱河。）本段中有很多不定式短语在其中做不同的成份，在Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.中，不定式做的是主语补足语。其中：Eggs为主语，were thought为谓语。Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew upthe idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.news（消息、新闻）/advice（建议）/idea/opinion后面都可以跟同位语从句。for example: I am very glad to hear the news that our team has won the game.（我非常高兴听到这个消息，我们的队伍赢了。）（如果那些认为吃西红柿有毒的人知道在二战期间曾经有数百万磅的西红柿，供给那些海外的士兵，他们将会多么的吃惊啊!）surprised（a.）吃惊的、惊奇的，它是过去分词，具有被动意味，通常修饰有动作执行能力的人或物。surprising（a.）令人吃惊的、令人惊奇的，表示事物的性质，在句子中修饰事或物。for example: The mother was surprised to know that her son hasnt gone to school. （母亲得知儿子没有去上学，她非常的吃惊）Ive never heard of such surprising things. （我从来没有听说过如此令人吃惊的事情）过去分词和现在分词同时做形容词，相对常用的：interested/interestingbored/boringsupply 提供、供给、供应（supply something to/for somebody给某人提供东西；supply somebody with something）For example:1.Libraries can supply books to readers.（图书馆可以给读者们提供图书）2.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.（他们给穷人提供食品和衣物。）supply做名词时，通常用复数形式，表示供应品，必需品，储备物资。What supplies do we need for our mountain climb? （我们去爬山需要哪些必需品？）Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food.（即使在今天关于食物仍然有很多的谬论。）Some of them are very widespread.（而且有一些谬论还相当的广为流传。）One such idea is that fish is the best brain food（对于脑袋有好处的食品）.（有一种观点就认为鱼是最好的补脑食品）Fish is good brain food just as（就像一样） it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food.（鱼的确是对人脑有好处的食品，就像它也是很好的有助于肌肉和皮肤以及人的骨骼的食品。）But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food（和许多其它的食品相比）.（但是没有一个人能够证明，鱼对于人脑的好处比其它任何一种食物更好一些。）Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals.（另外一个谬论就是你不应当就着水来吃一些食物）Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.（用水把食物冲下去，作为咀嚼的替代的确不是一个好主意，但是吃饭的时候喝一些水已经被人们发现对人的健康是有帮助的。）It（代词，指代前面some water with meals） makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.（吃饭的时候喝一些水能使得消化液流动得更加顺畅，而且这种做法还有助于消化食物。） Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation（基础） have（教材印刷有误，应将此have删除） to do with mixtures of foods.（科学家告诉我们许多有关混合性食物的观点都是没有什么根据的。）A few years ago the belief became general（很普遍） that orange juice and milk should never（永远不应该） be drunk at the same meal.（数年前有这么一种观念，那就是橙汁和牛奶永远都不能放在一起喝。）The reason given （分词做定语修饰the reason）was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle（凝结、凝固） and become indigestible.（所给出的理由就是橙汁中的酸性物质会使得牛奶凝结并且会变得不易于消化。）As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it;（事实上牛奶总会在胃中和一种消化物质相遇，而这种消化物质恰恰需要让牛奶先凝固）the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion.（在人的胃当中，牛奶凝固恰恰是消化的第一步。）A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.(另外一个类似的谬论就是当鱼和冰淇淋在一起被人食用的时候会形成一种有毒的混合物。)Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal.（另外一个有关混合食物的谬论就是蛋白质和碳水化合物永远都不应当在一餐当中同时食用。）Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food.（举例来说有的人认为面包是一种碳水化合物食品。）It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins.（面包主要是一种碳水化合物食物，但是它同时也包含有另外一种营养物质蛋白质。）In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates.（同样地，像牛奶有可能是最好的单性的食品，但是它也包含有蛋白质和碳水化合物。）It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.（一个人不能把土豆和肉放在一起吃这种说法是愚蠢的，这种愚蠢就如同说一个人永远都不要吃面包或牛奶一样。） III.Vocabulary Exercises（I）For each sentence, fill in the blank with the proper form of the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.1.civilize （v. 使开化、使文明） civilized（a.文明的、开化的） civilization （n. 文明）a.Education can help people civilize themselves.（教育有助于人们文明自身）b.We are living in a highly civilized society.（我们生活在一个高度文明的社会里）c.In China, Marco Polo（马可波罗）found a civilization far ahead of that in Europe.（在中国马可波罗发现了要早于欧洲的文明）2.free（形容词，自由的、免费的） freely（副词，自由的、免费的） freedom（n. 自由）a.He wants to live a life free from troubles.（他想要过一种没什么麻烦的生活）b.They fought for national freedom.（他为了国家的自由而战争）c.You can speak freely in front of me.（在我面前你尽管说）3.digest（v.消化） digestible（形容词，能消化的） digestion（n.消化、吸收） digestive（形容词，消化的）a.Some foods digest more easily than others.（有一些食品消化起来要比其它食品容易一些） b.The meat should have been cooked a little longer. It was not very digestible.（这种肉应当烹饪的时间更长一点，因为这种肉不易于消化）c.She suffers from stomach trouble and has a very poor digestion.（她正在遭受胃痛之苦