宾语从句和被动语态.doc

宾语从句一、什么是宾语从句？宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词主语谓语其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。二、哪些词后面常接that引导的宾语从句？主句的谓语动词是say，think，tell， know，hear，see，feel，mean，hope，wish， remember，forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid，glad，sure，sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。例如：He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster他说他想和校长说话。I think that we need to buy some meat for the party我认为我们需要为聚会买些肉。Im sorry（that）he isnt here right now对不起，此刻他不在。三、从句的引导词that能省略吗？that引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中常常省略。例如：I guess somebody else has borrowed it我猜是别的人把它借走了。Im afraid youll have to wait恐怕你得等一下。注意：从句前面有插入语时，引导词 that不能省略；如果有两个并列的宾语从句，第二个从句的引导词that也不能省略。例如：She may tell you，for example，that she is interested in Chinese例如，她可能会告诉你，她对汉语感兴趣。Mr Read said（that）he taught English in a middle school in Beijing and that he came from Australia里德先生说他在北京的一所中学教英语，他来自澳大利亚。四、宾语从句的时态有什么讲究？1.主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；2.主句中谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。3.注意当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible他说他想尽快见到他。He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible他说他想尽快见到他。He says that he is mending his bike他说他正在修他的自行车。He said that he was mending his bike他说他正在修他的自行车。The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun老师告诉我们地球围绕着太阳转。五、什么是否定转移？主句是I We think suppose guess believe等，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中，这就叫作否定转移。例如：我认为鸡不会游泳。误：I think chickens can not swim正：I dont think chickens can swim注意：上述情况变成反意疑问句时，附加问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加问句要看主句。试比较：I think he is wrong，isnt he？He thinks he is right，doesnt he？六.连接代词、连接副词与宾语从句本单元重点内容是由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句I宾语从句可由连接代词what， who，whom，whose，which等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。如：Do you know who will come this afternoon？你知道今天下午谁来吗？（作主语）Did you hear what she said？你听见她说的话了吗？（作宾语）I dont know whose that is我不知道那是谁的。（作表语）Could you tell me which gate we have to go to？请问我们得走哪个门？（作gate的定语）II宾语从句可由连接副词when， where，how，why等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。如：We didnt know when she would come back我们不知道她什么时候回来。Can you tell me how I get to the post office？你能告诉我到邮局怎么走吗？说明：含how的词组也可引导宾语从句。主要有how old，how many，how much， how long，how often，how far等。如：Do you know how old he is？注意：以上两项内容中，连接代词和连接副词起引导宾语从句的作用，不要再重复使用连接词，造成不必要的错误。如：I cant see that what is over there（）此句中应去掉that。III可用连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词或短语动词有 see，say，tell，ask，answer，know，decide，find out，show，remember， choose等。如：We cant decide who should go to Beijing first我们不能决定谁应该先去北京。Read the story below and find out who Father Christmas is读下面的故事，弄清楚圣诞老人是谁。特殊疑问句变宾语从句五注意一、 在引导词上，要将疑问代词或疑问副词变为连接代词或连接副词，引导宾语从句。如：Whose bike is this？Does anybody know？ Does anybody know whose bike this is？二、宾语从句的时态应与主句的时态保持一致。如：When the train will arrive？He asked me He asked me when the train would arrive三、在语序上，要将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。如：Which one do you like best？She asked meShe asked me which one I liked best【注意】疑问句中主语之前的助动词若是 dodoes did，变为宾语从句时，要先将其去掉，谓语动词再根据时态作相应的变化。四、特殊疑问词在句中作主语，变为宾语从句时语序不变（时态应作相应变化）。如：Who can answer the question？The teacher askedThe teacher asked who could answer the question五、特殊疑问句变为宾语从句后，用问号还是用句号完全取决于主句的句式：如主句为陈述句、祈使句，句末就用句号；如主句是疑问句，句末就用问号。如：I dont know when we shall start tomorrowDo you know when we shall start tomorrow？宾语从句中连词专练请补上下列各题宾语从句中所缺的连词（引导词）。1They said _ they would all leave if John stayed2I wonder _ we can meet when I am in Beijing3She asked _ or not she could work in Xinjiang4The teacher didnt know _ broke the window5Mr. Green went out to see _ was happening6Please tell me _ your father is7I really dont know _ I should do with these letters8Did you ask him _ we would leave？9Do you know _ the lady lives？10Can you tell us _ you are late for class？11Could you tell us _ I can get to the zoo？12Jenny wondered _ wallet it was13I cant decide _ coat I should choose14They asked me _ the book cost15Could you tell me _ students there are in your class？宾语从句与中考试题在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句，它内容完整，句型结构较为复杂，主句和从句时态搭配要求严格，在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难，只要你能过好下面的三道关：第一关，选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）。引导宾语从句的连接词，课本上写有三类，但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。1连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如：1）He knew（that）he should work hard2）I am glad（that）youve passed the exam2连词whether或if：它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语中多用if。例如：3）Do you know whether he will arrive here at 8 tomorrow morning？4）Tom didnt know ifwhether his grandpa liked the present作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大，同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如：5）He asked me whether or not I was coming他问我是否要来。（该句中的whether不能换成if，因为if不能与or连用。）3连接代词who，whom ，whose，what， which：它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意义。例如：6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in？（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”。）7）Can you tell me whom he is waiting for？（天津市）4连接副词when，where， why，how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语，各有其自己的意义。例如：8）I wonder where he got so much money对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”。）9）He didnt tell me how old his friend was（四川省）第二关，牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词主语谓语其他”。例如：10）You must remember what your teacher said（河南省）11）Dad，do you know when the football game will start？In half an hour（宁波市）12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我，我们去看望谁？Can you tell me who（m）we have to see？错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句第三关，注意时态的呼应。宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约，这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如：13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的。误：I thought（that）you are free today正：I thought（that）you would be free today这种时态的呼应，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制，例如：14）He thought he was working for the people15）I heard she had been to the Great W all16）John hoped that he would find a job soon但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等，则不变化：17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题：1In the bookshop，a reader asked the shop keeper _Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book（北京市东城区）Athat Bhow Cwhat Dif2I dont know _ Mr.Green will come to see usHe will help us with our English（杭州市）Awhy Bwhen Chow Dwhere3We never know _ the old m an isThey say he is a teacher（鄂州市）Awhat Bwho Cwhich Dwhere4I was told _ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers（重庆市）Athat how Bhow that Cwhen that Dthat when5Do you know _ ？Im going to see himSorry，I dont know（北京市海淀区）Awhere does MrLi live Bwhere did MrLi liveCwhere MrLi lives Dwhere MrLi lived6W here do you think _ he _ the computer？Sorry，I have no idea（南京市）A；bought Bhas；bought Cdid；buy Ddoes；buy7I dont feel very wellMum asked me _this morning（重庆市）Awhat the matter is Bwhat is wrongCwhat the matter was Dwhat wrong was8Where is Jack？He is away to spend his holidayHes gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan，but Im not sure _ （南昌市）Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dthere宾语从句（80分）1. He said that neither of them _ a scientist.A. is B. was C. were D. to be2. He wondered _ his uncle had been in the army.A. how often B. how soon C. how far D. how long3. Can you tell me _ took part in the sports meet?A. how many B. how soon people C. how many people D. how much people4. She wants to know _.A. what time he goes to school B. which time he goes to school C. when does he go to school D. what time does he go to school5. He asked _.A. which classroom was his B. that which classroom was his C. which classroom is his D. which classroom his is6. Which sentence is right?A. What do you know she is? B. Do you know what she is? C. Do you know that what she is? D. Do you know what is she?7. She asks _.A. if may the exercises be handed in tomorrow B. if the exercises may be handed in tomorrow C. if may be the exercises handed in tomorrow D. if the exercises may be handed in on tomorrow8. Do you expect(希望) _ come to see you?A. their B. that them C. will they D. that they will9. I didnt know if it _ tomorrow.A. was fine B. is fine C. would be fine D. will be fine10. He told me _.A. he had been to England B. he is going to England C. he had gone in England D. he has been to England11. Im sorry _ your mother is ill.A. that B. if C. what D. whether12. Try to guess _ each tomato weighs.A. that B. how much C. how heavy D. how many13. I want to know _.A. how long havent cleaned the rooms B. how long have the rooms not been cleaned C. how long the rooms havent been cleaned D. how long havent the rooms been cleaned14. Mary said _ she was tired.A. if B. that C. when D. whether15. I wonder how long my brother _ in the army.A. had, he B. does, join C. has, joined D. has, been16. He said _.A. that the girl be his sister B. that the girl is his sister C. that the girl were his sister D. that the girl was his sister17. Do you know _?A. whose the girl is B. whats the girl C. wheres the girl D. who the girl is18. Do you know _ Tom studies at the same school?A. will B. if C. when D. do19. We dont care _ he goes.A. wherever B. where C. that D. what20. He said _.A. that the car had been repaired twice B. that the car had repaired twice C. that the car had been repaired two times D. that the car twice had been repaired21. I really dont know _.A. what coat I should buy B. which coat I should buy C. what coat should I buy D. which coat should I buy22. My father said _.A. that was he not free this morning B. when he was not free this morning C. that he was not free this morning D. if he was not free this morning23. Do you know _?A. what kind of work can this boy do B. what kind of work this boy do C. what kind of work this boy can do D. what kind of work this can boy do24. Lei Feng _ he _ his life for his country.A. said, gives B. says, will give C. said, would give D. said, give25. He asked me _.A. how soon I liked the film B. what I liked the film C. how I liked the film D. how long I liked the film26. I wanted to know _ in Japan.A. how long he had been B. how long he has been C. how long has he been D. how long had he been27. Yesterday I asked him _.A. that he wanted to go to Beijing B. if he was wanting to go to Beijing C. if he wanted to go to Beijing D. did he want to go to Beijing28. I think _ this pen is expensive.A. how B. (that) C. whether D. why29. Can you tell me _?A. where you were born B. if you were born C. when you are born D. where you are born30. I wonder _ Mary will be able to pass the maths exam.A. how B. that C. why D. whether31. John asked _.A. if he could go out to play B. can he go out to play C. whether he can go out to play D. could he go out to play32. He explained _.A. that he was writing a letter when mother went B. that he wrote a letter when mother went in C. that he was writing a letter when mother went in D. when mother went in that he was writing a letter33. Do you know _?A. what are these two girls talking about B. what these two girls are talking about C. what are these two girls talk about D. what these two girls are talking to34. The professor(教授) was satisfied with _.A. what she said B. how she said C. when she said D. why she said35. Mr Green asked me _.A. whether I will visit the farm with him the next day B. whether I would visit the farm with him the next day C. if I am visiting the farm with him the next day D. whether would visit the farm with him the next day36. He will tell John _.A. that she can do it if she tries B. if does she try that she can do it C. if she tries that she can do it D. that can she do it if she tries37. Philip asked me _ would support(支持) us.A. what B. when C. whose D. who38. Nobody knows _ he is absent.A. why B. how C. where D. what39. He wonders _.A. when does the train start B. when is the train starting C. when the train is starting D. when the train has started40. Can you tell me _?A. what are good manner in Japan B. what good manner are in Japan C. what are good manners in Japan D. what good manner are in Japan41. He thought (that) this answer _ correct.A. were B. will be C. has been D. was42. She doesnt know _ since last term.A. how many English words she has learned B. how many English words she have learned C. how many English words has she learned D. how many English words she learned43. The doctor wanted to say _.A. wasnt John well enough to go to school B. if John was well enough to go to school C. that John wasnt enough well to go to school D. that John wasnt well enough to go to school44. The driver said _ such a machine would run out of order(不正常运行).A. that B. if C. when D. how45. Do you know _?A. what place the big building has been put up B. where the big building has been put up C. where the big building is putting up D. which the big building has been put up46. Could you tell me _?A. which grade your younger sister is in now B. what grade your younger sister is in now C. which grade your younger sister is now D. which grade your younger sister was in now47. Im sure _.A. that why Jack doesnt jump so high as his brother B. that Jack isnt jump so high as his brother C. that Jack doesnt jump so high as his brother D. that why Jack doesnt jump so high as his brother48. Do you know _?A. if Mr Smith is them English teacher B. that Mr Smith is their English teacher C. if Mr Smith is their English teacher D. if Mr Smith be their English teacher49. I know that _.A. our teacher would attend our meeting B. our teacher is going to attend our meeting C. our teacher was going to attending our meeting D. our teacher is attending our meeting50. He asked me _.A. if the new play had been put on that theatre(剧院) B. whether the new play has been put on at that theatre C. whether the new play had been put on at that theatre D. when the new play had been put on at that theatre51. He said _ some day.A. that he would have a shop of his own B. that he would has a shop of his own C. that he should has a shop of his own D. that he would have a shop of my own52. Can you tell me _?A. is whose pronunciation good B. who pronunciation is good C. whose pronunciation is good D. whose pronunciation is well53. I wondered _ the cinema was near the post office.A. that B. which C. if D. or54. Do you know _.A. what did they study for B. what they study in C. what they study for D. what do they study for55. I dont know _.A. where does he live B. where has he lived C. where he lives D. where he has lived in56. I am afraid _ he will not be able to come.A. if B. that C. how D. when57. I wonder _ I must hand in my exercise book now.A. that B. where C. when D. whether58. The student always pays attention to _ the teacher says.A. that B. whatever C. who D. whether59. Do you know _?A. when Mr White has come to our office B. when will Mr White come to our officeC. when Mr White will come to our office D. when Mr White comes to our office60. Can you tell me _?A. how old she is B. how old is she C. that how old she is D. she is how old61. He wanted to know _ in this shop.A. if this kind of radio was bought B. if this kind of radio was soldC. whether this kinds of radio was sold D. whether this kind of radios was bought62. He wanted to know _ in the bottle.A. if there was any water B. is there any water C. was there any water D. there was some water63. I asked if _.A. was Mr Green at home B. is Mr Green at home C. Mr Green was at home D. did Mr Green at home64. I _ that you _ a plane.A. think, couldnt draw B. think, cant draw C. dont think, could drawing D. dont think, can draw65. Betty said _.A. that she hadnt done her homework yesterday B. that she doesnt do her homework yesterday C. that she wasnt doing her homework yesterday D. that she didnt do her homework yesterday66. Can you tell me?A. what size trousers your son wears B. what size trousers your son puts on C. which size trousers your son puts on D. which size trousers your son wears67. I asked if Mary _ this morning.A. didnt come B. didnt came C. dont come D. doesnt come68. He heard (that) maths _ easy.A. arent B. werent C. isnt D. wasnt69. I wonder _ next year.A. whether will his uncle go to Japan B. if will his uncle go to Japan C. if his uncle will go to Japan D. if his uncle goes to Japan70. Can you tell me _ the film will begin?A. that B. if C. when D. what71. Do you understand _?A. what I said B. what I spoke C. what I talked D. what I told72. Did you think _ in a year?A. that the work can be finished B. whether the work must be finished C. when the work must be finished D. that the work would be finished73. John asked me _ I managed(设法) to do it.A. if B. how C. what D. when74. He said _ well.A. (that) neither his brother or he swimed B. (that) neither his brother nor he swims C. (that) neither his brother nor he swam D. (that) neither his brother nor he swimed75. I wondered _.A. when was invited to the party B. who was in