feeling是what引导的宾语从句.doc

Unit Four AnimalsTeaching Objective: 1. To improve Ss speaking ability 2. To improve Ss listening ability3. To improve Ss reading ability Teaching focus: Understand the main ideas of Texts A and have mastered the useful sentence structures, words and expressions used in the relevant exercises of the passageTeaching difficulties: Let students understand the main idea of the Text ATeaching Procedures: daily report, lead-in, listening, reading, translation, writing, homeworkStage1 Daily ReportAsk the student on duty to make a daily report, encouraging him or her to speak more about animal. While listening, the students make some notes. Then ask some students to retell what the reporter said.Stage2 Lead inStep1 Culture backgroundAnimals are our friends and they should be treated with respect. We human beings cant live on this planet without animals! But, there is an undeniable fact that the number of animals is declining faster then ever before . According to a recent survey made by some experts, about 37 species disappear from our earth every year. It is obvious that the problem has become a serious one that worth our concern. When we explore this problem, some underlying factors emerge. In the very first place, human beings have played a big part. With the fast development of human society, the environment is much destroyed, and loses their homes. Accordingly, some species become extinct. Whats more, people hunt animals for food and skin In addition, human beings are largely responsible for the pollution of natural environment, and poison animals in many ways. Such problems should be solved immediately. Every government should play a key role in making relevant rules and protecting animals. The general public should also be educated to value the existence of these animals on our planet. We live with animals in this world, and all of us should lead a harmonious life. So someone who treats animals in a non-friendly way should realize how cute these little lives are. Our earth, everyone should know, is not only humans world but also belongs to every kind of life that lives in this world. So, many people nowadays desire to have a more peaceful world in which man and animals are friends. Having this dream, we should make a good effort to make this dream come true; we should educate people and let them realize that protecting animals and becoming animals friends is a very good idea ; we should improve our law because law controls ones action , so that fewer of us will kill animals , but take a right attitude towards protecting animals . Only in this way can we live peacefully and happily with animals in this world.Step2 Topics for discussion1. T gives one activity and asks Ss discuss them in groupsActivities: work in groups to list as many animal names as possible. The group that gets the most animal names wins.2. Show their workLet each group share their opinions with others. While listening, the listeners should take some notes, then retell and share.3. SummarizeThe teacher summarizes the Ss job, making some comments. Then write down the useful words and expressions needed.Stage3 Listening Step1 Activity 1 Calculation1. Listen to the statements only once and choose A, B, C or D which is the closest in meaning to the statement you hear.2. Two Ss write their answers on the Bb.3. Check the answers together. Listen to the tape while checking if necessary.Step 2 Activity 2 Conversations1. Listen to the conversations just only once and then decide whether the statements below are true, false or not mentioned according to the conversations you hear.2. Two Ss write their answers on the Bb.3. Check the answers together. Listen to the tape while checking if necessary.Step 3 Activity3 Passage1. Listen to the passage twice and then decide on the appropriate answer to each of the questions. 2. Two Ss write their answers on the Bb.3. Check the answers together. Listen to the tape while checking if necessary.Stage4 ReadingStep1 pre-readingStep2 reading comprehension1. Have the Ss read Text A in 7 minutes and do the reading comprehension to test whether to understand the text2. Calls on volunteers or a few students to tell the answer and then helps the students identify the main idea of the text.Step3 language points1As a child, I always wanted to know what other animals were thinking and feeling. (Para. 1) what other animals were thinking and feeling是what引导的宾语从句，意为“其他动物在想什么，有什么样的感觉”。what可引导宾语从句。例如：We can learn what we did not know before.我们能学到我们以前不知道的东西。2In fact, a number of researchers articles, supported by scientific data, show that lots of animals experience deep emotions, ranging from joy to grief and depression over the loss of a mate. (Para. 1)supported by scientific data是过去分词短语作定语，用来补充说明逗号前面的名词词组a number of researchers articles，相当于一个非限定性定语从句“which are supported by scientific data”。 3Emotions are usually defined as mental phenomena that help individuals manage and control their behavior. (Para. 2)这里的defined as是词组defineas的被动形式，意为“把定义为”。类似的词组还有：describeas（把描述/说成），seeas（把看作，视为），acceptas（把当作），look onas（把看作）。as后面可以接名词、动名词或形容词。例如：He was described as being very cruel.他据说非常残酷。4. Highs and Lows (Para. 3)Highs相当于“high emotions” ，即“高涨的情绪”；lows相当于“low emotions”，即“低落的情绪” 。 5. Joy is an emotion thats shared by many animals and is expressed freely and clearly. (Para. 3)thats shared by many animals and is expressed freely and clearly是定语从句，修饰前面的名词emotion。关系代词that在定语从句中可用作主语。 6. When Shirley and Jenny, two female elephants, were introduced to each other at the Elephant Sanctuary in Hohenwald, Tennessee, both got very emotional, roaring loudly, touching one another and remaining in close contact, as if they were old friends and they were, but no one else realized at the time. (Para. 3)本句是主从复合句，主句是both got very emotional，从句是连词when所引导的时间状语从句When Shirley and Jenny were introduced to each other。 two female elephants是Shirley and Jenny的同位语，补充关于Shirley 和Jenny的信息。at the Elephant Sanctuary in Hohenwald, Tennessee是介词短语作地点状语。 另外，roaring loudly, touching one another and remaining in close contact是三个现在分词短语，表示主句both got very emotional的伴随状态。例如： The young man was fast asleep, holding a book in his hand. 这个年轻人很快睡着了，手里还拿着一本书。 She stood there quietly, looking out of the window. 她安静地站在那里，看着窗外。 We began to knock at the door, thinking that was his home. 我们开始敲门，以为那就是他的家。 as if / as though意为“好像，好似”。在as if / as though引导的从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况的怀疑，用过去时；表示过去想像中的动作或情况，用过去完成时；如果可能成为事实，用陈述语气。正式英语中，由as if / as though引导的从句中可用“were”来代替“was”。例如： You look as if you were ill. 你看上去好像病了。（实际上你并没有病） She spoke to me as if I were / was deaf. 她那样对我说话，好象我耳聋了。（事实上 我并没有耳聋。）本句中破折号之后的部分and they were, but no one else realized at the time是对as if they were old friends的补充说明，说明它们事实上确实是朋友，只是当时没有人意识到这一点。 7. It turned out that Shirley and Jenny had lived in the same circus 22 years earlier, when Jenny was just eight years old and Shirley was thirty. (Para.3)earlier表示“（过去某时）之前”的意思，而ago表示“（现在某时）之前”。例如： Four days earlier his foot had been bitten by a snake. 早在四天之前，他的脚被蛇咬了。（表示过去 的某个时刻之前的四天，所以用过去完成时。） Four days ago his foot was bitten by a snake. 四天之前，他的脚被蛇咬了。（表示从现在 开始算起的四天前，所以用过去时。）8. Since being reunited , they have rarely left each others sides and are clearly very happy to be back together. (Para. 3)Since being united中的since作介词，后面应跟名词或动名词，相当于since引导的时间状语从句“since they were united”。类似的词语还有：before，after等。例如： After talking to you , I always feel better. 跟您谈谈之后，我总是觉得心情好一些。 Take a good look before opening it. 打开之前你要好好看一下。 He has worked hard since leaving school. 自从离开学校后他一直努力工作。 Step4 summaryT summarizes the language points of this unit.Stage5 translationStep 1 T would explain the translation method to the Ss.英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。如果英语的定语从句太长，无论是限制性的或非限制性的，都不宜译成汉语中的定语，而应用其他方法处理。常见的定语从句翻译有以下几种方法。一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理。（一）重复先行词。由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。（二）省略先行词。如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是“there be ”结构带有定语从句的句型。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。（原句中的主句部分there is a man翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。（原句中的主句部分there are many people翻译成“许多人”，作译文的主语，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。（原句的主句较简单，整句句子的重点是在定语从句中，因此，翻译时将主句译成主语，而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。（原句的主句较简单，整句句子的重点是在定语从句中，因此，翻译时将主句译成主语，而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）四、状译法英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方，那就是，英语中有些定语从句和主句关系不密切，它从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。也就是说，有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下，需要灵活处理，在准确理解英语原文的基础上，弄清楚逻辑关系，然后把英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。（一）译成表示“时间”的分句A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。（二）译成表示“原因”的分句He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。（三）译成表示“条件”的分句Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。（四）译成表示“让步”的分句He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子，。（五）译成表示“目的”的分句He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料以。（六）译成表示“结果”的分句They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。（七）译成表示“转折”的分句She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。Step 2 T would ask the Ss to do some translation exercises:1. That he survived the accident is a miracle.他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。2.I cant understand why he avoided speaking to me.我不理解他为什么不跟我说话。3.The next question we have to decide is when we have to submit the annual report.我们必须决