副词性状语从句和连词.doc

副词性状语从句和连词状语从句由从属连词引导，用来修饰动词、形容词或副词等。根据其意义，状语从句通常分成以下几种：1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when, while, as, after, before, as soon as, the moment/minute/instant, since, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen, no soonerthan, till, until, once, whenever, directly(非正式用法) 等等。 when (当时) In our city, school buses are used only when（当时） children live more than a mile from the school. 在我们这个城市，只有儿童住得离学校超过一英里远，才使用校车。before（在前，才，趁）The flour, eggs, and sugar should be well mixed before it is poured into the baking pan. 面粉、鸡蛋和糖在倒入烤盘之前应该充分搅拌。while （在期间） While the book is welcomed by scholars, it will make an immediate appeal to the general readers. 这本书将受到学者的欢迎，同时也会引起一般读者的兴趣。注意： when和while都可以用作主句动作发生的背景，但是while不能用于非持续性的动作。As （随着） As it orbits the Sun, Mars rotates on its axis, an imaginary line through its center. 火星在绕太阳运行的同时绕着其自身的轴旋转，这个轴是一条假想的穿过其中心的线。 each/every time （每次，每每） If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient. 如果人们每当进入睡梦阶段就被唤醒，那么即使睡眠总量已经足够，他们也会烦躁易怒。 Whenever （无论何时） Whenever you are in trouble, dont hesitate to come to me for help.无论何时你遇到麻烦，不要犹豫，来找我帮忙。 since （自从） Although I have lived in this country since I settled down last October, I still have trouble getting used to American food. 虽然从去年十月我就定居在这个国家，我仍然难以习惯美国的食品。 till （直到） We will have to stay in this bus shelter till it stops raining. 我们得躲在这个候车亭里，一直到雨停。 until （直到，直到才） She has worked as an air-hostess until past her sixtieth birthday. 她当空中小姐一直到过了六十岁生日。 -He didnt come back home until about midnight. 直到午夜他才回到家。 -Not until the end of the term did he finish his paper. 直到学期末他才完成论文。注意：till和until 在含有持续性动词的肯定句中可以通用，在否定句中仅用until。该结构放句首时，主句的语序需要部分倒装，以表示加强语气。no soonerthan, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen（刚就） -No sooner had they set out on their trip than it began to snow heavily. 他们刚踏上旅途，天就开始下起了大雪。 -Scarcely had I bought a car when/ before I sold it. 我刚买了一辆车，又把它卖了。注意：1 如上句所示，no sooner/ hardly/scarcely/barely位于句首时，从句用部分倒装语序，否则用正语序。 as soon as （一就） -As soon as a baby turtle is hatched, it must start the dangerous journey towards the sea. 小海龟一经孵出，就必须开始其通向大海的危险之旅。once （一旦，一当） -When do you wish to visit Mexico? Once I am settled, Ill go there. 你希望什么时候访问墨西哥？ 我一安顿下来就去。 the instant/minute/moment （一就） -Did you remember to give Mary the book? Yes. The instant I saw her, I remembered. 你记得把书送给玛丽了吗？ 是的，我一看见她就想起来了。directly （一就）-The firemen went into action directly they heard the alarm. 消防队员一听到警报就立刻行动。2. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where和wherever。where （所的地方）-The doctor told me to use the lotion where pain （在地方） is felt. 医生告诉我把洗液擦在痛处。wherever （无论何地）-He goes wherever he pleases.他愿上哪儿就上那儿。3. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that，not that but that等。 because (因为) -A virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself because it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein. 由于病毒仅仅是由一个蛋白质外壳保护的比较短的脱氧核糖核酸丝状体构成，因此它不能自己进食或繁殖。as （由于） -As women were not supposed to be novelists, Mary Ann Evans took the name George Eliot when she published her first novel. 由于据认为妇女不应该写小说，玛丽安埃文斯在出版她的第一本小说使用了乔治艾略特这个名字。since （由于，既然） -Since sharks are heavier than water, they must swim continuously or they will sink to the bottom. 由于鲨鱼比水重，因此它们必须不停地游动，否则就会沉到水底。 注意：because、as和since都可以引导原因状语从句，其主要区别在于，because是所提供的通常为新信息，语意较强，because引导的从句多位于主句之后；as和since所提供的常是已知信息，语意较弱，从句多位于句首；since比as略为正式；because能够回答why引导的特殊问句，而as和since不能。For 为并列连词，用来表示逻辑推理的原因或补充说明的原因。-It must have snowed last night, for the ground is covered with white snow.昨晚now that （既然）-Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened. 他们既然已经着手自己来处理问题，事态进展也就加快了。seeing that/ Considering (鉴于) - Seeing that/ Considering that he is old, he is unfit for the job. 鉴于他年纪大，他不适合干这项工作。 in that （因为）-Britains press is unusual in that it is divided into two very different types of newspapers: the quality press and the popular press. 英国的报业与众不同，因为它分为两种差别很大的类型：内容严肃的报纸和通俗的报纸。not thatbut that（不是因为而是因为）- He intends to quit the job not that he dislikes it but that he is too old for it.他打算辞职，倒不是因为他讨厌工作，而是因为他年纪太大了，不适合该工作了。4.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有in order that, so that，in case, lest, for fear that等。 in order that （旨在，以便） -The manager listened carefully in order that he might discover exactly what the workers wanted. 经理仔细倾听，以便确切地弄清楚工人们的要求。so that （为了，以便） -Write clearly so that your teacher can understand you clearly. 书写清楚些因为，以便你的老师能清楚地理解你的意思。 in case（万一） - Take your raincoat with you in case it should rain.带上你的雨衣，万一天下雨。 for fear that/lest也可以引导表示否定目的的状语从句，并通常用虚拟语气（should+行为动词） for fear that（惟恐）/lest（以免）- The mother tiptoed into the room for fear that/lest she should wake up her sleeping baby. 妈妈蹑手蹑脚地走进房间，惟恐/以免惊醒熟睡的宝宝。 - He got up early lest he should miss the train. 他早早起床以免误了火车。5. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词有 so that, sothat, suchthat。so that（结果） -I took no notice of him, so that he flew into a rage. 我没理他，结果他大发雷霆。sothat （如此的以至于）- The black leopard is so dark that its spots are （如此之以致于） difficult to see. 黑豹的肤色极暗，以致很难看出它身上的斑点。 suchthat（如此的以至于） The computer was of such inferior quality that I took it back and asked for a better one. 这台电脑的质量很低劣，于是我把它送回去，并要求换一台好一些的。注意：引导的结果状语从句的so/suchthat中的that可以省略。 - He is so conservative/such a conservative person he is objective to any change. 他极保守，以致于反对任何变革。6.引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if,unless, so/as long as, only if, on(the)condition thatif (假如)- If a volcano erupts, some of the Earths interior heat(如果) will escape to the surface. 如果火山爆发，地球内部的一些热量就会跑到地球表面上来。only if （只要）- The senior librarian promised to get the book for me if only she could remember who last borrowed it. 那位年长的图书管理员作出允诺，只要她能想起是谁最后借这本书，她就会给我弄到它。as/so long as (只要)An electromagnet will remain magnetized only as（只要） long as electricity flows through it. 只要电流流经电磁石，电磁石就会保持被磁化的状态。provided (that)(假如)- We should be able to do the job quickly, provided that you give us all the necessary information. 只要你们向我们提供一切必要的资料，我们就能很快做这项工作。unless I will not call you, unless something unforeseen（除非） happens. 我不打电话给你，除非发生意外。7.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有although，though，as,while,whereas，even if/though, no matter who/what, whoever, whatever等。 Though (虽然)- Though they spend most of their adult lives in salt water, Salmon return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 大马哈鱼虽然要返回其淡水出生地产卵和死去，但是它们在成年的大部分时间里仍生活在咸水中。 此句子中还可以用其它连词连接： -Although/ While / Whereas they spend, salmon return. - Most of theirsalt water as/ though/ however they spend in salt water, salmon return. - Poor as/ though/ however he is, the young man leads a happy and（尽管） contented life. 尽管那个年轻人很穷，他却过着快乐而满足的生活。注意：as引导的让步状语从句的倒装，主谓语的语序不倒置，如： Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. 虽然他很喜欢她，但有时他确实也生她的气。注意：although和though都作虽然、即使解，通常可以换用，只是although的语气较重，它所引导的从句通常位于主句之前。而though可以放句首和句中第二位，表示虽然，放在句末表示然而。even if （即使）-I should not have recognized the man even if you had told me his name. 即使你告诉了我这男子的姓名，我也认不出他来。even though（尽管）- Even though Gorillas are quiet animals, they are to make about twenty different sounds.大猩猩尽管能发出大约二十种不同的声音，但仍然是安静的动物。 注意：even though表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况，even if所表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。while （虽然，尽管）- While your opinions are worth considering, the committee finds it unwise to place too much importance on them. 尽管你的意见值得考虑，委员会发现对其过分重视是不明智的。Whatever/no matter what（无论什么） - There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. 该城市有一百多所夜校，这使得各种职业的专业人员都有可能接受再教育。however/no matter how（无论怎样） She can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework however hard she tries. 不管怎样努力，她都几乎无法避免在作业里出错。wherever/no matter where（无论哪里） Humble as it may be, theres no place like home, wherever he may go. 没有像家那样的地方，虽然家可能很简陋。whetheror not（不论还是） Abstraction goes into any work of art, whether the artist is aware of it or not. 任何艺术作品里都包含抽象，不论艺术家是否意识到这一点。8. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if/thoughas（如同） - Study as Lenin studied.像列宁那样学习。 - In her writing, Elinor Wylie often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than as others defined it. 埃莉诺怀利经常在她的文章里如实谈论自己真实的、而并非他人所描写的人格。 as if/though(仿佛，好像(似的) -The pie tastes as if it has banana in it.这馅饼尝起来好像放了香蕉。 （可能的情景需用陈述语气） - He looks as if he had just come from athe hell.他看上起好像刚从地狱出来。（不可能的情景需用虚拟语气）9. 引导比较状语从句从属连词有asas， not so/asas, more/-er than, less/few than。asas（与一样的） - Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as or better than an actual performance. 你喜欢听唱片吗？我发现唱片常常跟实际演出一样好，或者更好。not as/soas （不如那样）- He speaks English, but not as well as his sister does. 他说英语，但是没有他的妹妹说得好。More/-er than - The study of mathematics is even more complicated than we imagined ten years ago. 今天，数学研究比十年前我们所想象的还要复杂。The + 比较级，the+ 比较级（越就越）- I tried to relax myself because I knew the more excited I got, the sooner I would use up my oxygen. 我尽量使自己放松，因为我知道，我越激动，氧气就被消耗得更快。11.引导 限制性状语从句的从属连词有as/so far as，in so far asas/so far as (就；) - As far as we know, dolphins have no sense of smell. 据我们所知，海豚没有嗅觉。Exercise:1._ you hand in your homework, youll be criticized. A. In case B. Unless C. If D. Until2._ books you read, you should pay attention to the comprehension of it. A. What B. Whatever C. Which D. Whichever3._ much I may like this flat, I wont buy it because I cant afford it. A. How B. However C.So D. Too4._ he doesnt like the party, he cant very well express his mind. A. Since B. Although C. Now that D. In that5. _ he is, he has a good taste for classic music. A. Doctor as B. As doctor C. A doctor though D. As a doctor6. Go to the reception desk and give this card to _ is seated there. A. who B.whom C. whomever D. him who7. She dared not tell her mother the bad news _ that the latter would burst into tears. A. for fear B. in fear C. on account D. in case8. He is the person _ I suppose will lose peoples trust. A. who B. which C.whom D. as8. This is the only dictionary _ can be found in the office. A. that B. which C. as D. whose9. He often recalls the persons and things _ he stayed together and experienced in his high school. A. that B.which C. as D. whom10. The representatives of the trade union wanted to have a talk with the committee _ were making a plan to dismiss over 1000 employers. A.who B. that C. which D. as11. Mary is a diligent student, _ her brother, Jim, rarely is. A. that B. which C. as D. who12. I could see this model of car _ I went in Europe. A. whenever B. wherever C. until D. unless.13. Stay _ you are. Id like to take a photo of you. A. where B. wherever C. as D. no matter where 14. Granny Wang made a fence around her land _ her neighbours sheep should enter her land. A. in the case of B. for fear of C. lest D. least15._ is mentioned above, much research has been done to clone organs with stem cells. A. Which B. That C. As D. What16. No current can flow when, _is sometimes the case, the fuse is burnt. A. as B. that which D. as if17._ she pays a visit to Shanghai, she will go downtown for sightseeing. A. Once B. Every time C. Sometimes D. At times18. I was about to leave _ my uncle dropped in. A. when B. before C.until D. till19. The ship sailed northwards for a month _ the sailors