文体与修辞偏离.ppt

,偏离,Deviation,Definition of deviation：,Style as deviations form the norm,文体风格产生于偏离常规的变异。,偏离常被理解为对标准的选择，或者以上层社会群体所说的语言为基础的常规的违背。他的研究发轫于亚里士多德的诗学，但是对这种文体现象做了系统归纳的是英国的Geoffrey Leech.,Clissification of deviation,Lexical deviation,Grammatical deviation,Phonological deviation,Graphological deviation,Semantic deviation,Dialectal deviation,Deviation of register and historical period,Norm is an established pattern within a text.The norm of language as a whole is solely concerned with linguistic levels of language,such as the grammar, phonology ,lexical ,structure and graphology.,There are different types of norms.They are general norm,authorian norm and lexical norm.,Deviation is the breaking of rules which others obey,Poetry as a genre is a deviation from the ordinary language,despite the poetic deviation ,poetry skill has its own rules and norms which separate it from its ordinary language and creat its own pattern .,Only to kiss the air That lately kissed thee. (Herrick),此处kissed 要发成双音节词，过去时形式标志ed在这里被视为单独构成一个音节。,为了押韵或节奏需要，有时会省略词的某个音节,Thy soul the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if th ther do 此处thther是the other的省略形式,Free let the fleet hind bound her hills along And in pure streams the watery nations rove.,这种常见的偏离是违反规范的句子语序，这在诗歌中较为普遍。,对常规的偏离有时也会出现在文字的书写排列形式上，在诗歌中这种偏离可能会引发一种直接的、立体的视觉效应。,Think youre in Heaven ? Wellyoull soon be in H E L L (M.Horovitz),王安石的著名诗句：,春风又绿江南岸， 明月何时照我还。,绿常用作名词和形容词，绿色和绿色的，在这里是吹绿的意思，展现出一派欣欣向荣的画面。,指点江山 激扬文字 粪土当年万户侯,这种语无定类的现象在汉语中常出现，我们成为词汇偏离。,方言中的偏离,日黄昏 爱人仔要落船 想着心酸 目睛罩乌云 有话要讲尽这时 谁知未讲喉先填 -萧丽红,日指太阳，爱人仔指情人，目睛指眼睛，喉是嗓子，这些都是福建、台湾等地里的词语。,外来语的掺杂,钱钟书围城中的例子:张先生大笑道，我不懂什么年代花纹，事情忙，也没工夫翻书研究，可是我有hunch,看见一件东西，忽然What dyou call灵机一动，买来准。张先生是在美国洋行里买办的，所以说话时会带一些英文，从而显示他是一个讲时髦的人。,现代社会中，年轻人讲话时会夹杂一些英文的现象相当普遍。例如：,我是机主，请每天早上点半给我一个morning call,我好去打ball.,偏离的其他用法,一则低价销售冬装的广告位：,Good Buy,Winter!,买纯棉毛衣是一件划算的买卖（Good buy),又可告别冬天：“Goodbye,winter!,100% cotton knitwear $49.95,Kiss,原词义：touch with lips to show affection or as a greeting,新词义：keep it simple,stupid.（简单点，傻瓜）,网络中跑题的粗鲁说法。,007电影中一名特工的代号，网络中我有一个秘密。,1357913579都是奇数，在英语中奇数（odd)有奇怪的意思，网络中表示此事很奇怪。,268原是微型电脑中最原始的一代，后368,468,568就