阅读理解及七条秘诀.doc

LESSON FIFTEEN应试技巧-阅读理解及七条秘诀1文章结构、测试要点及应对策略知己知彼，百战不殆要做好阅读理解，首先要了解英国人的写作习惯，一旦了解英文的文章结构，我们只要读几个关键句子即可掌握全文的意思。同时了解考卷可能问的问题及应对方式。这样应答起来，便可即快又准。高考题型及分数分配总分150分第一部分：听力(共两节，满分30分)第二部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分) 第一节：单项填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分) 第二节：完形填空(共20小题，每小题1.5分；满分30分)第三部分：阅读理解(共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)共5篇文章第四部分：写作(共两节，满分35分) 第一节： 小作文(满分10分) 第二节：大作文 (满分25分)一、段落及文章的主题句。He studied English hard in the university for the test on Sunday.他在大学里，为了考试星期日努力学习英语。注解：从上句可以看出，英国人在表达句子的时候，把最重要的放在前头。而中国人却将不重要的修饰成份放在前面。了解两个民族思维习惯的不同正是我们做好阅读理解及写好英文文章的关键所在。英国人写一个句子如此，在写一个段落时也是如此。1、主题句通常在段首（绝大部分文章） (A) Helen is the most conceited(自负) person I know. She thinks she knows everything and can do anything under the sun. According to her, she is an expert bowler, tennis player, swimmer, and softball player. She tells everyone that she is the smartest person in the class. No matter what the problem is, Helen always thinks she can solve it because she believes there is nothing she cannot do. 注解：英国人在写文章的段落时，同样把最重要的东西放在段首，既主题句。此段在第一句“海伦是一个最自负的人”，先说段落主题然后再进一步说明海伦是如何自负。考试中我们只需看一句就够了，无需全部阅读。如果不认识conceited，便可读第二句“She thinks she knows everything and can do anything under the sun.”“她认为在这个世界上她无所不知，无所不能。”从该句也可推出conceited 是自负的意思。-(B)In the last 500 years, nothing about people-not heir clothes, ideas, or languages - has changed as much as what they eat. The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians. The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500s, and although if was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable. In London shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today.1According to the passage, which of the following has changed the most in the last 500 years?A) Food.B) Chocolate.C) Potato.D) Coffee.注解：在阅读理解的考试中，经常提问段落的主题句，既中心思想。我们只要读一句what they eat.就够了，这样可以节省大量的时间。 Even though ulcers（溃疡） appear to run in families, lifestyle plays more of a role than genetic（基因的） factors in causing the illness, according to a report in the April 13th Journal of Internal Medicine. In particular, smoking and stress in men and the regular use of pain-releasing medicines in women were linked with an increased risk of developing an ulcer.1. The passage argues thatA. ulcers are related to genes.B. Ulcers are chiefly related to lifestyle.C. Ulcers appear in men and women.D. Ulcers are caused by bacteria infection.注解：在读段落第一句时，如果是状语从句中心应在主句上，从句可以不读。例如上句“尽管溃疡是以家庭形式出现，而生活方式在引起疾病方面比基因起到更重要的作用。”因此该文的中心应该是生活方式而不是家族遗传。应选C。2、如果有转折词，如but, however等，中心思想通常在这些连词的后面。(A)Waves波, 波浪 are beautiful to look at, but they can destroy破坏, 毁坏 ships at sea, as well as houses and buildings near the shore. What causes waves? Most waves are caused by winds blowing over the surface of the water. The sun heats the earth, causing the air to rise and the winds to blow. The winds blow across the sea, pushing little waves into bigger and bigger ones.注解：在一段中出现but，however, so等连词一定要看这些连词之后，否则不但抓不到中心，反而会被误导。如上段中心不是说海浪的美丽，而是说海浪所造成的损害。-(B)Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 years, but a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlled. There are more than 12,000 Americans over 100 years old who receive social security benefits, and their numbers are increasing each year. Dr. James Langley of Chicago claims that. Theoretically and under ideal conditions, animals, including man, can live six times longer than their normal period of growth. A persons period of growth lasts approximately twenty-five years. If Dr. Langleys theory is accurate, future generations can expect a life span of 150 years.注解：该段不是谈人活不到一百岁，而是谈能活一百岁。如果中心抓错会造成一系列的选择错误。-(C)Japanese students work very hard but many are unhappy. They feel heavy pressures( 压力) from their parents to do well in school. Most students are always being told by their parents to study harder so that they can have a wonderful life. Though this may be good ideas for those very bright students, it can have terrible results for many students because they are not gifted(有天赋的) enough.1. Whats the best title(标题) of the passage?A. The Trouble in Japanese SchoolsB. The Problems of Japanese StudentsC. Education(教育) in JapanD. The Pressures of Being a Student in Japan注解：该段在实际考试中，很多学生都选C日本的教育，实际上中心就在but后面，即日本学生所承受的压力。答案应是D。3、主题在段尾（很少出现）注解：这样的情况很少，多出现在一些讲演稿的首段。目的在于吸引听众。(A)Alert Einstein, one of the worlds geniuses, failed in his university entrance examination on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of Americas noted writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, had to have special tutoring家庭教师 in English during elementary school. These few examples show that failure in school does not always predict failure in life. 注解：文章开头谈到爱因斯坦没通过入学考试，其实该文中心在最后一句“在学校的失败并不意味着一生的失败。”二、英语文章的结构我们从英文句子表达扩展到段落的表达，可以看出英国人的思维方式总是把最重要的东西即中心放在前面，在写一篇文章时，英国人也是如此。第一句点明文章主题，然后举例说明，最后明确表明作者的观点。这是典型的英国人的思维方式，了解这一点对考好试、写好文章非常重要。我称之为“三步曲”。(A)The convenience（方便）and economy of small cars accounts for（说明原因）their popularity. They are easy to park quickly and take smaller parking spaces. Small cars are also a means of conserving（保存，节约）energy because they use less gas than big cars. They are also more economical to operate and maintain, and they cost less. Because of these advantages, the next car I buy is going to be small one.该篇文章的中心小型汽车好（文章第一句）具体说明小型汽车好在什么地方（文章中部）文章结论（既作者观点）（文章尾部）“我要再买车就买小型车”。-(B)Weekend homework should be abolished废止. Five days devoted to school are enough for the modern teenager who has many other time-consuming 耗时的interests. With homework scheduled排定的 for Saturday and Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, take in a football or baseball game or a good movie, join in family recreation, or just relax? Because of all these other activities weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result weekend homework is done so poorly that on Monday teachers threaten to fail whole classes of students who havent the haziest notion of what the lesson is about. If there were no homework to haunt weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested and willing to work. Teachers, dont you agree?该篇文章的中心周末家庭作业该取消具体说明周末家庭作业为什么该取消文章结论（既作者观点）注解：以上两篇文章虽然短小，但“麻雀虽小，五脏具全” 从中能够学到英国人写文章的“三步曲”顺着这个思路阅读“又快又准”，迎合他们的“口味” 写文章，必是地道的英国式的文章。三、阅读理解可能测试的要点1、 文章的中心思想第一句2、 作者的观点或文章结论最后一句3、 文章中具体细节（查细节）4、 对错选择5、 指出代词所代替的意思6、 解释词义四、阅读理解应试技巧1.先抓文章主题-了解文章中心思想。（只读主题句不读文章）要想“又快又准”地考好阅读理解，抓住文章中心是关键。无论“中考”、“高考”、“四级”还是“雅思”都是如此。因为一篇文章总是要围绕“中心”转。请看下面的文章。2读问题确定问题类别。不是抓住中心就能解决所有的问题。在抓住文章中心思想之后应直接读问题确认问题的种类，即前面提到的6种类别，具体问题，具体对待。(A)There is an old saying in English: “Laughter is the best medicine”. Until recently, few people took the saying very seriously. Now, however, doctors have begun to investigate laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found evidence that laughter really can improve peoples health. Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films, while doctors checked their heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, the heart rate and the rate of breathing; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial. Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be capable of reducing the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programs. The group, which tolerated the pain for the longest time, was the group, which listened to a funny program. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce endorphins（内啡肽）in the brain. These are natural chemicals that diminish both stress and pain.There is also some evidence to suggest that laughter helps the bodys immune system, that is, the system which fights infection. In an experiment, one group of students watched a funny video while another group served as the control group-in other words, a group with which to compare the first group. Doctors checked the blood of the students in both groups and found that the people in the group that watched the video had an increase in the activity of their while blood cells, that is, the cells which fight infection.As a result of these discoveries, some doctors and psychiatrists（精神病学家）in the United States now hold laughter clinics, in which they try to improve their patients conditions by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.注解：该文作者并没有直接点出主题，而是通过引用一句谚语指出文章的中心。“笑是最好的药。”引用名言谚语点出主题的方式，我们应该好好学习。至今在我批改的考卷中从未见过中国学生写作文时，巧妙地引用英国谚语。以后如果让我看到，无论文章“好坏”，先给他（她）一个高分！此题应选A.1. We learn from the first paragraph that laughterA) is good for ones health.B) is related to some il