常用论证方式组合完美完成托福写作.docx

常用论证方式组合完美完成托福写作朗阁托福考试研究中心 新托福独立写作的论证方式和雅思大作文的论证方式有着一定的差异，这个差异主要体现在论证方式的种类数量上，雅思大作文的论证方式相对比较集中，主要是举例，因果和对比等；而新托福独立写作的论证方式除了这几种外，常见的还有假设，让步，排比等。在接下来的文章里，朗阁托福考试研究中心的专家将和考生们一起来看看独立写作的这些常见论证方式。首先在因果和举例法的使用上，独立写作经常是先因果后举例的组合，在给出一个分论点后，通常先通过解释其背后原因作为发展的第一步，然后根据原因的内容再辅以例子进行详细说明。这样论证的优点是：逻辑编排上更有层次感，属于递进式的论证。以下我们来看一个例子：First of all, the reason why dance in a particular country is so unique is because many art forms are put together. People need music, costumes, singers and of course dancers to perform. Each of these art forms is unique and singular for every country.这个段落的第一层发展是由“原因”开始的，通过解释原因来说明舞蹈为什么可以将很多不同艺术形式结合，那么接下来，我们就可以针对这一原因举些例子：First of all, it is very important for a child to grow up in a healthy environment. Children need fresh air, not polluted by the huge amount of cars and factories of the modern city.这个例子中我们首先也是进行第一层“原因”的分析，即对于孩子来说需要新鲜空气等良好环境来健康成长。那么接下来如果要举例的话我们一般可以从提供这样良好环境的地点出发：In the country they can spend more time exercising and walking with their friends.在郊区或者农村这样的地方，孩子不仅可以有新鲜空气，水，而且在这样的环境中锻炼和参加其他社交活动同样有助于他们的健康成长。Mental games for adults play a significant role. Adults learn co-operation, discipline, team work, self-confidence. 看了上面的例子，可能有人会问为什么在这些因果法的句子里都没有出现很明显的所谓“信号词”，比如because, since, as这类的。其实句子中没有明显的连词不代表它的逻辑意思就不好，恰恰相反的是很多高分的文章它的句子衔接讲究一种“形散而神不散”的境界，通过意思的紧密衔接来很好地表达出其中的逻辑关系。比如上面的这个例子，划线句子其实可以在前面加一个“This is because”之类的句子或者是连词，这样的话我们一看就能明白作者是在说明原因。接着这个原因，我们可以举一些具体益智游戏比如下棋等：Scientists say that the brain cells of grown up people can grow with the help of mind exercising. The simplest way to exercise ones mind is through mental games. For example, playing chess makes people think, try to predict events, follow the strategy of an opponent. 作者一共举了2个例子，我们要注意的是引用科学家或者专家的研究结果也算是举例的一种形式，但是由于不是很具体，所以一般我们会继续辅以另外一个例子来深入说明。Second of all, close friends have more familiar atmosphere. They can share many beautiful moments and thoughts. For example, I have only two close friends - my husband and my classmate. I can share my worries and great news and can tell everything to them.有些时候在因果论证后的举例可以介绍一下亲身经历，这样的举例尽管简单，但是由于是结合真实的情感在里头，所以更具有说服力。其次是连续使用因果论证，这对于学生的逻辑性有很高的要求，一般来讲，要论述清楚一个分论点，在进行因果论证时既要保证观点展开的合理性，也要保证论证方向不偏离主题太远：First of all, I believe that studying history and literature is important for the range of interests of students and people on the whole. It extends the range of interests and teach people to analyze their history. Every person should know the history of the country where he or she was born. Knowledge of ones roots and origins gives the opportunity to understand many things that are around. 不知道大家有没有看清楚上面这个例子中的三个因果论证：第一层是原因，第二层还是原因，而第三层则是结果：“因为学习历史和文学可以拓展兴趣”-“同时又因为每个人都应该知道自己国家的历史”-“所以进而了解这些知识和其来源能给人们认识周围世界的机会”。 在上一章节中，笔者已经为大家介绍了新托福独立写作中最常用的论证方式组合，即因果和举例法的组合，在本节中，朗阁托福考试研究中心将继续为各位介绍其他论证方式组合，首先我们看到的是假设和举例法以及因果法的组合。下面我们来看一个例子：First of all, I want to say that obstacles make people stronger. By overcoming difficulties people gain priceless and essential knowledge and experience. If one has to struggle with a disease he will become stronger either in a physical way or in a mental way. A person becomes more patient, more self-confident and more attentive. These qualities will help him to win his disease. 在这个主体段里，作者首先进行了假设论证，由“if”引导的条件状语从句开始，假设某个人在与疾病作斗争并且战胜了它以后，此人在身体或心理层面一定会比以前更坚强，从而可以得出后面的结论，即由于人生中面对挫折，所以一个人可以变得更有耐心，自信等。这样的一种组合论证方式，其优点在于无须给出亲身经历或者一个具体的例子，直接建立在一个“虚构”的人或事上，同时借助于之后进行的“结果”论证，使得这个假设的成立更具有一定的说服力。在举不出合适的例子或者不知道该说什么的时候，使用这一组合的优点就不言而喻了。接下来我们再来看一个例子：For example, if people are negotiating it is very important to have a face-to-face communication. It is very important to see during a negotiation how ones opponent is moving, is he nervous or relaxed, what he is doing, etc. Scientists say that the body language and facial gestures can say many things about a person, his strong and weak sides, his traits, manners and even habits. 在这个段落中，作者先假设了“谈判”这样一个场景，然后继续用“原因”来分析面对面沟通对于谈判的重要性，紧接着再通过宾语从句引用科学家的结论来进行举例，这样一来，原先看上去貌似很“空”的理论，经过了这样一系列演绎，一下子变得“生动”了起来。而在上述这2个主体段中，细心的同学可能会发现在因果论证的时候都没有在句子中出现明显的信号词，比如“because”, “therefore”等。的确，在之前的论文中，笔者已经和大家分享了每种论证手法的常用连词和句式，不使用连词并不代表它没有逻辑关系，有时候这种因果的逻辑是蕴含在字里行间的，经过反复练习后大家一定可以逐渐熟悉这一写法。以下我们再来看一个观点相反例子：From the other side, if I need to notify my bank that I am going to close an account I do not want to spend my time driving there, waiting for my turn and talking with a representative. It is easier for me just to call or e-mail them. It saves my time and my banks too.这个段落中的组合只包含了假设和因果，而这层“因果”关系我们从句子的意思仍旧可以很快判断出它是在说“原因”，若一定要使其在“形式上”成为“原因”的话，我们可以在这个句子前加上“This is because”即可。In my opinion life would not be worth living without goals. If people would be satisfied with all they had we probably would have to live in caves. So, it does not matter how many goals were achieved we will find new ones in order to accomplish them all over again. 这个例子中的假设和之前的最大区别就是它使用了虚拟语气，若假设与过去相反的情况时，我们经常会选择这一语法形式，然后只需要在后面加上一个因果论证即可。If a teacher has very interesting lectures and gives many examples from different resources I will attend his or her classes with great pleasure. However, if a teacher has dry and boring lectures and does not try to make them interesting I will get some boo