新托福口语基础讲义.doc

托福基础口语讲义 前言一. 托福考试口语题型介绍：一二题是开放性话题，内容涉及的都是最身边最生活的话题，要求考生流利清楚地表达出自己的意思，这需要考生日常的积累，以及勤奋的练习，切记掐时间练习才最有效！三四五六题是口语部分的综合题目，也就是要考察考生读、听、说的综合能力，其中第三题和第四题是阅读、听力和口语三者的结合；第五题和第六题是听力和口语的结合，因此这需要考生必须狂做成套练习，掌握读、听、说的技巧，将其有机结合在一起！口语考试20分钟的时间，同学们，一定要自信地展现自己的实力！明确自己在准备时间内的主要任务，确定自己取得高分的目标！二. 新托福口语考试的三大特征：1. 重在听懂后的阐述和概括，机考口语一共20分钟，需要表达的部分只有五分半的时间，除去答题前的65秒准备时间以外，剩下的大约15分钟都在听材料上，因此托福口语考试确实是听在前，说在后。Time Task 1,2Task 3,4Task 5,6 读 文章时间 无阅读材料 45无阅读材料 听 材料时间 无听力材料 60-80100-110准备答案时间153020答题的时间456060 2. 加入了阅读和听力结合的综合任务，口语部分的第3，4题都是需要先读一个45秒左右的文字材料，后听一个对话或演讲的一个部分，最后进行口语作答，依据所听所读进行材料整合，归纳后输出答案。这正迎合了北美高校课堂授课的常见方式，以便学生更快适应上课风格。3. 允许作笔记。很多学生在听听力材料时没有养成作笔记的习惯，由于人的瞬间记忆极其短暂，因此听完一段材料后能挤下的内容寥寥无几，因此建议考生在新托福备考时，培养出边听边记的习惯，并加强听写和听力笔记技巧的训练。三. 学生在应对新托福考试中有以下三个问题:1. 认读单词能力较差，由于长期以来英语语音教学很分散，导致很多学生不会利用一定的规则朗读，拼写或者记忆单词，所以很多学生的阅读能力明显高于听力和口语能力，主要因为没有区别开它们的本质区别，即阅读技能是依于空间存在的，即“Space-Based”.表示文章不会因为时间的推移而消逝，而听力是基于时间的，即”Time-Based”,听完的东西不会再次出现，因为不像阅读材料那样可以看到原文，所以提高听力的方法应该是分隔较长句子的意群，然后把每个意群不断重复跟读，直到复述出整个句子为止。2. 语音问题不容忽视。随着美音近年来的日益流行，很多学生在初高中时代的英音根深蒂固，不熟悉美音和英音的区别和其他语音的特征，因此导致听力部分带来很大障碍。3. 作为输出技能的口语部分练习的太少，缺乏持久的自我练习意识。很多考生平时没有重视口语部分的练习，也没有比较科学的有效的方法进行自学，因此导致口语技能相比其他部分稍逊色一些。同学们，希望并不遥远，只要你着眼于现在，勤加苦练，必修成正果！想跟你们说的是：跟着老师步伐，以托福考试为目标，前进，胜利就在前方，加油！If you keep working, and trust yourself and your teacher, you will harvest a lot!If you keep talking English confidently and carefully, you will make it in English!If you exercise the Oral tasks by timing, you will take on a better performance in the examination.Come on , everyone! Every one of you will succeed!托福及托福口语整体介绍一.托福考试整体介绍(一)、托福的定义：TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) 托福考试 TOEFL iBT Internet Based Test（网考，互联网考试）（二）、托福考试报名流程：第1步、登陆教育部考试中心托福报名网 /第2步、注册用户，创建档案。第3步、支付考试费用：中国工商银行或中国招商银行网上银行第4步、选择考位，注册考试第5步、填写背景调查第6步、收到确认信息* 考试成绩：考试结束约15个工作日后登陆报名网站查询成绩或寄送。* 得到分数报告：四项技能的分数、总分、机考托福对照分数* 转考：距考试日10天前（不含考试日和申请日），可以申请转考。首先支付转考费并在“我的主页”中确认支付成功。“查看已注册信息”申请转考。* 复议：一科600rmb，只能复议作文口语（三）、托福考试流程及算分：Test SectionRange of QuestionsTime Limit(Total:4 hours)Scaled Section Score(Total:120)1.Reading阅读3/5 passages, 12-14 questions each60/100 minutes0-302.Listening听力3/2 conversations, 5 questions each6/4 lectures, 6 questions each90/60 minutes0-30Break休息10 minutes3.Speaking口语2 independent speaking tasks4 integrated speaking tasks20 minutes0-30 (raw pointsper question 0-4)4.Writing写作1 integrated writing task1 independent writing task20 minutes30 minutes0-30 (raw pointsper question 0-5)二.托福口语整体介绍(一)、大学对申请者托福口语单科成绩的要求： 本、研 22助教奖金 26医学 法学 师范 商学类专业 26(二)、历年托福网考中国大陆地区考生总分及各科平均分： YEARSECTION SCORE MEANSTOTAL SCOREREADINGLISTENINGSPEAKINGWRITING20062019182077200721191820782008201818207620092017182075(三)、你的目标=？(四)、托福口语题型分类：按出题顺序和考查能力分类按话题选材分类.Independent Tasks 独立题（纯口语题）Task 1 Free-choice _话题 Task 2 Paired-choice _话题 Prefer A or B _Agree or Disagree _.Integrated Tasks 综合题（综合能力题）.Reading Listening Speaking读听说综合题Task 3 Campus-related Issue &Students Attitude_题 Task 4 Term & Examples _题 .Listening Speaking 听说综合题Task 5 Student-related Problem &Solutions _题 Task 6 Summary _题 .Speaking about Familiar Topics 谈论_话题Task 1 Free-choice Task 2 Paired-choice .Speaking about Campus Situations 谈论_话题Task 3 Campus-related Issue & Students Attitude Task 5 Student-related Problem &Solutions .Speaking about Academic Course Content 转述_内容Task 4 Topic & Examples Task 6 Summary (五)、托福口语高分回答的特征和低分回答的特征托福口语考试评分标准：重要提示：考生必须用正式的讲述语言而非懒散的私聊语言说出自己的回答！评判指标口语高分回答的特征口语低分回答的特征1、采分要点Task 1-2明确、完整、准确表达观点、理由和细节。仅有论点，缺乏足够理由和细节支持。Task 3-6完整、准确地转述了必要信息。Task 3-6的回答，遗漏重要信息、有严重的错误或张冠李戴。2、整体构思（逻辑）句子间有连接词逻辑关系清晰、信息能自然衔接易于理解。句子间逻辑词不明显。听到的只是单个句子。逻辑关系不清楚，难以理解。3、句词、语法的使用熟练度、准确度在答题过程中，迅速、准确地取用恰当、准确的句词、语法。语法：避免复杂的语法结构。选词：灵活；难度适中。词汇和语法结构单调；有明显的用词错误和语法错误。由于语速慢，给人以“不能迅速、准确取用词汇、句式和语法”的感觉。4、语音、语调、心态、音量、吐字语音非常准确。语调标准、有起伏；心理自信（正常）大方声音洪亮、吐字清晰。语言节奏良好。多次重复明显的语音语调错误。整体印象是：不熟练。5、流利度语言熟练流利。无大于3秒的中断、不结结巴巴的。语言不熟练不流利。有多处明显停顿。句子和句子之间间隔太长。6、语速语言熟练在表达句词时，采用最佳语速：适中略偏快、匀速，保证了表达的高效。语言不熟练语速缓慢且不规则。语速太快缺乏语气！Task 1 Free-choice A. Testing Purpose of Task 1:TYPE1. 有形的谈论对象2. 抽象的谈论对象英文1.person（16.56%）2.place（11.67%）3.tangible object（14.72%）4.intangible object（34.36%）5.event or activity（22.70%）中文DescribeDescribe =Describe =模板代号T-D-2S-CT-2S-CExamples:：1. Person1. Describe a person that you look up as a role model. Explain how this person influence your life. Include details and examples to support your response.2. Describe a person who is very important to you in your life. Explain why you think this person is important to you. Include details and examples to support your response.3. Describe a person who positively influenced your life. Explain how this person influenced your life. Give specific reasons and details to support your explanation.2. Place1. Please describe a place that you would like to visit but you have not been to. Use specific examples and details to support your opinion.2. You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use details and examples to support your opinion. 3. Describe a place where you go for rest and relaxation. Explain why it is a good place for you to relax. Dont forget to include details and examples in your explanation.3. Tangible object 1. Choose one of the following and explain why you like it most: fictions, magazines and poems.2. Choose one of the forms of the technology in the list and tell why it has great impact on peoples lives in your country? Airplane, computer or television.3. Describe a book that is the most useful to you. 4. Intangible object1. Describe a job career or profession which you wish to pursue. Explain why this job is your ideal job. Include reasons and details to support your response. 2. Describe a special job that you have hand in the past or one that you would like to do in the future. Explain why?3. Choose one of the following work of art and explain why you like it most: comedy stage play and musical play. 5. Event or activity1 Describe a celebration, public event or moment that is most important to you. Explain why it was impressive to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.庆祝活动2 Describe a ceremony or public event that you attended. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.3 Describe the most enjoyable event in your childhood. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.B. Question Types of Task 1:Question Type 1 Describe Question _题 （91.41%）Question Type 2 Characteristics or Qualities Question _题（8.59%）C. Strategies for Task 1:Question Type 1 Describe Question Step 1. Reading the Question：1. Format: Describe a Familiar 1.person Give yourExplanation 2.place 3.tangible object 4.intangible object 5.event or activity 2Two Typical Questions:Typical question1 直白问法：Describe a person youd like to know more. Explain what youd like to know more about this person. Include reasons and examples in your response. Typical Question2 隐晦问法：Choose a school which is very impressive to you and explain why it is impressive to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response. 2006.9.23 3 a simple question :In this question, you will be asked about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45 second to speak.Which place is your favorite place when you were a child? Describe it and explain why you liked to go there. Include details and examples to support your response.Preparation time: 15 secondsResponse time: 45 secondsl Begin to prepare your response after the beep.l Begin speaking after the beep.l Key points: Step 2. Preparing your Response:1. Preparing time:2. What should you do during these 15 seconds?Skill 1.Quickly jot down your key points (opinion, reasons and details).Skill 2.Follow the Template of Task 1-Describe Questions：T-D-2S-C : T(-)=Topic Statement: Personally（替换：A-1）, I _. （4 sec） D(-)=Description: _._. (4 sec) “ 描述策略：不要深度描述，一言两语，轻描淡写。 2S(-)=Supporting Information: I _ because of two reasons（3 sec） (替换：B-1)Reason 1_.（替换B-2） Detail _. _. (15 sec) Reason 2_.（替换B-2） Detail _. _. (15 sec) C(-)=Conclusion: _. （4 sec） （替换C-1）Skill 3.Things that can be used as details: 展开说细节的方法：方法1. Domino Effect _:方法2. Before-after Effect _:方法3. Giving an Example _:1. For example / For instance, 2. Takeas an example. 3. Last time，事例。方法4. Giving a List _:1. Such as A, B and C 2. Like 3. Including 方法5. Giving a Figure / Figures _:Components and ExpressionsStepExpressionsA.Topic StatementA-1Personally, Personally speaking, Individually, As far as I am concerned, For me, In my opinion, In my view, Through my eyes,From my perspective, From my point of view,In my books, the famous person I admire most is xxx.I believe thatI think the best invention is computers.I would like to say that my favorite isA-2 形容词最高级Favorite Likemost / AdmiremostI would share some statistics with you to show where our international students come from.B.Supporting InformationB-1There are a couple of reasons. I think there are a couple of main reasons why I do think so.And I think there are a couple of reasons for this/that.There are two points Id like to focus on.B-2First, First of all,Initially, - Second, Also, - Whats more, Furthermore,- In addition, Additionally,For one reason, The first reason is that One reason I think is that The first point is that For another reasonThe second reason is that Another reason I thinkis thatAnother point is that .C.ConclusionC-1In conclusion, In a word, In short, In brief, All in all, To sum upThese are the reasons why I think that Backstreet Boys are the best.地点描述题八大万能理由1Quiet Without any disturbance/focus more on.Garden park bedroom library study loungeStudy room 2Beautiful Beautiful sceneries/sight-seeingPark garden campus seashore scenic spots scenery spots 旅游景点3Make new friendsBuild a solid /solid/strengthen friendshipSchool university club gym4Do exerciseImprove healthSports field gym fitness center Swimming pool seashore park 5have yummy food Restaurant cafeteria caf seashore 6Obtain knowledgeGet/acquire/broaden horizon/widen viewLibrary bookstore museum school University scenery spots 7Make me feel relaxedGet rid of tiredness Garden park caf home bedroom swimming pool cinema 8do shopping Keep pace with/keep abreast of Supermarket shopping mall scenery spotsSouvenirs 纪念品 （可数名词）Step3 Speaking your Response 1.Response time:2.Put the key points into the template.3.Characteristics of an Outstanding Response .4. A Sample Answer:Describe a place where you go for rest and relaxation. Explain why it is a good place for you to relax. Include details and examples in your explanation.45Key points :y points:T=Topic Statement: Shopping MallD=Description:仅适用于具体的谈论对象，不应过于详细，容易自己找麻烦2S=Supporting Information: . Find everything there +detail:. air-conditioning and soothing background musicC= Conclusion (optional): 观点： The place that Id like to go for rest and relaxation is the mall. 描述：This mall is one of the biggest malls in China, I suppose, and its about a good 15 minutes walk from where I live.理由1：first because I could find everything in there. From movie theater to manicure shops, from Starbucks to high profile Chinese seafood restaurants, there are more than 1,000 stores and businesses in the mall. 理由2 More than that, with just the right air-conditioning and soothing background music, a simple stroll down the mall would relief me from a busy day.结尾：So, in one word, this is a place that brought me a lot of relaxation and thats why i loved to go there. (124words) （标准长度110-120words 45）5 My Answers:Key points:T=Topic Statement:D=Description :2S=Supporting Information: 1. + detail: 2. + detail:C=Conclusion (optional):-Question 2 Characteristics or Qualities Step 1 & 2. Reading the Question & Preparing your Response:1. Format:. State some important qualities / characteristics / features of a1.person2.place. Give explanation2. Typical and Sample Question (1):What do you think are the qualities of a good leader? Include details and examples to support your response.北美2007.1.26 45”3. Template of Task 1- Characteristics or Qualities Questions：T-2S: Personally, I believe that a good xxx should at least have the following two characteristics.（11 sec） Characteristic or quality 1: . Reason and detail: _._. _.（17 sec）Characteristic or quality 2: . Reason and detail: _._. _.（17 sec）4. Sample Answer:Key points:T=Topic Statement: 2S=Supporting Information: . be influential +detail: . Know the team very well+detail: C= Conclusion (optional): In my view, a good leader should have the following characteristics.First, a good leader should be influential. By instilling values and morals into the team, he can organize it and motivate people to do their task with passion and a high spirit. For example, my friend James is a good leader with that kind of ability to cheer up the team members and give specific directions and concepts at the right time.Besides, a good leader should know his team and all its members very well. Only in this way can he lead his team on the basis of peoples strength and advantages to fill in the gaps and accomplish a purpose.And these are the qualities that are critical for a good leader. (125words) （标准长度110-120words 45）5. Typical and Sample Question (2):What characteristic is the most important for a university student to be successful，high motivation，hard working or intelligence？Explain why you think this characteristic is the most important? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 北美2007.11.17/2009.12.20 456.Template of Task 1- Characteristics or Qualities Questions：T-2S: Personally, I think that xxx is the characteristic / feature / factor I care about most while I am choosing a xxx.（11 sec） Reason and detail: _._. _.（17 sec）Reason and detail: _._. _.（17 sec）7. Sample Answer:Ke