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名词名词的数A、常见的不可数名词 Fluids(流体):air空气,smoke烟, water水, oil油,ink墨木,juice果汁rain雨水, tea茶, coffee咖啡, wine酒,beer啤酒 Substances(物质):paper纸, glass玻璃,wood木头,iron铁, chalk粉笔,fruit水果,meat肉, beef牛肉, mutton羊肉,chicken鸡肉,sugar糖, salt盐, rice米, sand沙子, dust灰尘,gold黄金Abstracts(抽象名词):health健康, wealth财富, honesty诚实, friendship友谊,wisdom智慧, attention注意力,luck运气, progress进步,work工作, room空间, news新闻, information消息,love爱, trouble 麻烦,happiness幸福 silence寂静 Subjects(学科):physics物理, chemistry化学, mathematics数学,history历史,geography地理, English英语, biology生物, music音乐B. 可数名词的复数形式 (1)直接在词尾加-s,如 desks, maps, cats, pens cars, farms (2)以-s, -x, -ch, sh结尾的词加-es :glasses, classes, buses, boxes, foxes, watches, matches, brushes, dishes(例外:stomachs 胃) (3)以-O 结尾的词:Negroes, heres, potatoes, tomatoes(有生命的名词加-es);photos, pianos, kilos, radios, zoos studios(无生命的名词加-es) (4)辅音字母+y 结尾的,把y 变为i再加es :city-cities, story-stories, baby-babies, dictionary-dictionaries,factory- factories, fly- flies, diary-diaries但是,元音字母+y直接+s,如toy-toys (5)以 -f, -fe结尾的单词,去掉f,-fe 再加 ves:knife-knives, wife-wives, life-lives, wolf-wolves,thief-thieves, leaf-leaves例外:roof-roofs屋顶, belief-beliefs信仰, gulf-gulfs海湾safe-safes, handkerchief-handker chiefs手帕(6)特殊变化:man-men womanwomanchildchildren, toothteeth,goosegeese鹅 footfeet,mousemice, looker-onlookers-on 旁观者passer-bypassers-by过路人,editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chief总,man-doctormen doctors,woman-doctorwomen doctors;fish, deer, Chinese, sheep单复数同形。C、 只有复数形式的名词 下列名词,只有复数形式,只能接复数形式的动词:clothes衣服, fireworks烟火, wages工资, thanks谢意,remains残留物,sweets糖果 由相同两部分构成的名词,只有复数形式,只能接复数形式的动词:scissors剪刀, glasses眼镜, trousers裤子,shoes鞋,socks袜, gloves手套这些名词如表示数量,要以 pair为单位,如:a pair of shoes一双鞋 two pairs of shoes 两双鞋a pair of glasses一副眼镜 two pairs of glasses两副眼镜冠词一、冠词的种类(一)不定冠词 aan的用法a用于辅音音标开头的单词前(不一定是辅音字母):an用于元音音标开头的单词前(不一定是元音字母) :an old mana friendan American writera Chinese bookan English book注意 以字母h,u,e,y开头的单词:an hour/honor/honesta universityan umbrella-a usual/useful booka Europeana young mana youth泛指人、事、物的类别 A.English is a useful language.B.A horse is a useful animal.C.His telehpone number begins with a 3.泛指某人某物Theres a man waiting for you at the gate of our school.Theres a book lying on the floor.表示everyper的含义This kind of Santana car can run 150 kilometers an hour.Some students of Senior Three study 12 hours a day.用于某些固定词组中a few; a little; a lot of;a bit of; a couple of; a great deal of;many a; all of a sudden; as a matter of fact;in a word; have a word with sb. have a good time;do sb. a favor pay a visit to; as a rulein a day or two; in a way; make a living;two pills at a time; take a walk/break/bath/seat;have a cold/fever/headache/stomachache(二)定冠词the的用法(1)表示特指和第二次提到的人或物:Here the books you want.I saw a film last night. The film was wonderful.(2)表示世界上独一无二的东西:the sun;the earth;the moon(3)用在序数词、形容词最高级前面:the first-class; the third floor; the longest river(4)用在江、河、湖、海、山 脉、群 岛、海 峡、海 湾、沙 漠、方 位 前 面:the Changjiang river; the West Lake ; the Great Canal(大运河);the Taiwan Strait; on the rightleft; in the northsouth(4)与某些形 容 词 连 用表 示 一 类 人,动 词 用 复 数 形 式:the poorrichold/young/sick/old/new/woundedThe young have to learn from the old.(年轻人要向老年人学习。)The right and the wrong are the opposites.(6)在乐器的名词前面:She likes to play the pianoviolinguitar.(7)在某 些 表 示 时 间 的 词 组 中:in the morningafternooneveningnight(but at noonnight);in the daytime;in the 1870s1870s(8)用在姓氏的复数前面:The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table.(9)在表示发明物的名词前面:The gunpowder was invented in China 400 year age.Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.The teacher showed us a telescope and said it was Galileo who invented the telescope.(10)用在表示国家和民族的形容词前面表示该国的人民:the EnglishChineseJapaneseFrench(11)用在由普通名词构成的专用名词前面:the United States(联合国); the New York Times(纽约);the Peoples Liberation Army(中国人民解放军)(12)用在表示计算单位的名词前面,常含每,每一的意义,或相当于按计算:A. These workers are paid by the hourpiece.(计时件取酬)介词常用介词 1.abouta.关于=on eg. give sb advice on how to learn Englishb.到处 look about环视C. 大约d.be about to do 即将做 eg. I was about to leave when the phone rang.2.above在上方/over在垂直的上方 反义:below在下方3.across 横穿,从表面4.through竖穿,从内部5.after在(位置,时间)后 / behind在(位置)后before在(位置,时间)前/in front of在(位置)前look after/run after/ after=according to在(时间)后in+时间段+将来时 how soon?after +时间段+过去时 when?after + 一点时间(常用于一般将来时or一般过去时)when?时间段+later+过去时 when?如:The baby stopped crying after half an hour.The baby will stop crying in half an hour.They will visit their teacher after Friday.6.behind He hangs his coat on a nail behind the door.他把外套挂在门后的一颗钉子上。7Beyond 超过 This work is beyond my grasp. 这件工作非我力所能及。His bad behavior is beyond a joke.他的不良行为超出了开玩笑的范围。8.沿着 a. along(没有方向性) We went for a walk along the shore.我们沿着海岸散步。b.up(向上,向说话者走来) The boy climbed up the tree.这个男孩爬上树。c.down(向下,向说话者走去) Will you walk down to the lake with her?你跟她走到湖那头去好吗?9.在之间 a.between在两者之间b.among在三者或以上之间eg.1.She was sitting between John and Tom.2. What were you doing between eight and nine?3. Whats the defference between the two words?4. we found a little house among the trees.5. The students lived and worked among the workers.Between ,among 是介词,必须 +宾格:between you and me10. at+地点(小地方) in+地点(大地方) eg. Ive been at our school/in the USA.在桌边 at the tableat表示向,朝 eg. look at / laugh atshoot sb 射死,射中/ shoot at sb朝射击eg. The hunter shot at the tree ,but he didnt shoot any birds.At+时间点 At+价格 At+速度代词一、人称代词1.主格 I you he she it we you they2.宾格 me you him her it us you them3.物主代词(1)形容词性:my your his her its our your their(2)名词性:yours his hers its ours yours theirs4.反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves试体会下列人称代词的用法:(1)He seated himself at the back of the classroom.(反身代词只作宾语、同位语和表语)(1)Please help yourself to some fish.(2)Sometimes he doesnt believe in himself.-(3)Who is knocking at the door? Its me.(4)The poor boy was himself.(5)This book is mine, not his.(6)Hes an old friend of mine, not hers.(7)You, he and I have worked together for ten years.(注意人称代词的顺序)(8)Nice to see you here. Me, too.(这里不能用I:我也如此。)(9)All of us should learn from them all.考点:1.人称代词,物主代词的常用考点: 人称代词用作为表语时,与动词前的代词或名词同格:eg.1.Do you think the thief to be ? .A.I B.his C. him D.man I thought it was (D) .A.him B.himself C.his D.he 在名词双重所有格里的物主代词用法 (C)。The man you met in the street is a friend of _.A.I B.my C.mine D.me 在比较时注意前后对称 (D)。Our classroom is larger than _.A.you B.your C.yous D.yours 人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为:第二人称,第三人称,第一人称.如:You, she and I all enjoy the music.但是,复数应为第一人称,第二人称,第三人称.Eg:We,you and they are friendly to one another.考点2.反身代词的常用考点 掌握其固定结构:enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快)learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)devote oneself to献身于come to oneself 苏醒过来; 醒悟过来; 恢复理性speak to oneself自言自语teach oneself自修help oneself to sth(随便吃/喝 些) Help yourself to some meat!请自己吃点肉吧!for oneself为自己;代表自己;独力地;亲自地 One should not live for oneself alone.一个人不应只是为自已活着。(all)by oneself=alone单独地,独自数词:英语的数词可以分为基数词和序数词两大类数词的基本作用有两个:一、作限定词,与名词一起构成词组,如:one banana,the first time,the second longest river;二、用作名词词组的中心词,与其他的限定词一起构成名词词组,在句子中充当主语、宾语、主语补足语、同位语和状语。作主语:Two of the students are absent today.作宾语:She only likes one of the books given by her father.作主语补足语表语: :Ten divided by two is fine.Shes only seventeen.作同位语:We three are all willing to help you.作状语:The yellow river is the second longest river in china.平常生活中经常要碰到很多数字问题,在使用时我们要特别注意以下几点: 序数词和基数词 five fifth twelve twelfth twenty twentieth基数词变序数词。其规律为:1,2,3特殊记,加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth)8少t,9去e,千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth)逢5逢12,ve变f (fifth,twelfth)20到90,y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth)若是几十几,前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)21-99的两位数,在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成:56-fifty-six注意以下几个不规则的序数词的拼写first(第一); second(第二); third(第三);eighth(第八); ninth(第九); twelfth(第十二) 顺序(编号)表示法 一般来说,编号有两种表示法:(1) 事物名词+基数词(2) 定冠词the+序数词+事物名词eg.第一次世界大战 World War One/ the first World War304教室 Room 304 序数词的一个特殊用法the first/last to do sth第一个做sth的人eg. My mother is always the first to get up and the last to go to bed in my family.形容词和副词一、形容词和副词的不同句法作用 说明名词用形容词,说明动词, 形容词或其它副词用副词eg. He looks happy.He is singing happily.Ex.Choose the right word for each blank. (选择正确的单词填入空白处) Bill said that the mixture tasted_(terrible,terribly)。Im_(terrible,terribly) sorry,said the woman. The doctor said that the baby didnt look_(healthy, healthily)。They must make sure that all the animals can live_(healthy, healthily)in the zoo. The gas from the bottle smelled very_(strange, strangely)。That old woman laughed_(strange, strangely)。 This kind of cloth feels quite_(soft, softly)。Please put down the basket of eggs_(soft, softly)。 Your idea sounds_(nice, nicely)。Look! All the children are_(nice, nicely) dressed. 几个英汉使用不同的形容词population不与much连用,而与large连用;temperature不与warm,cold连用,而与high, low连用;price不与expensive,cheap连用,而与high, low连用。 enough的用法:enough说明名词,可前可后 ;enough说明形容词或副词,必须后置:Eg: She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年

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