过去时态的表达.doc

过去时态的表达概念引入 动词的时态是英语中最重要的语法项目，也是高考重点热点之一，在英语句子中也是不可缺少、随时要用的。从学英语我们就开始学习和应用动词的时态。 先看下面句子： 1. Tom studied hard and did well in the final exam last year. 2. We were copying the new words this time yesterday. 3. My father asked me if I had finished reading that book. 4. I heard that they were going to return to Shanghai soon. 这些句子中斜体词部分都是句子的谓语，谓语当然都有自己的时态。句1是一般过去时，句2是过去进行时，句3是过去完成时，句4是过去将来时。这四种时态都是关于“过去”的时态，但用法各有区别。用法讲解 一般过去时一般过去时用法 1. 表示在过去具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与具体时间连用：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, last night, just now等。 The flowers were so lovely that they were sold in no time. 这些花那么美，没用多长时间就卖掉了。2. 表示过去经常性、习惯性或反复发生的动作。可与often等连用,或与used to, would连用。 When Mary was in England, she often went to the Museum. 玛丽在英国时，经常去这家博物馆。3. 过去某时先后完成的一系列动作，都用一般过去时。 I crowded onto the bus, elbowed my way to the back, found a seat and sat down. 我挤进公交车，推搡着到了车尾部，找到个座位就坐下了。4. 有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时，这一点往往出错，要特别注意！ I didnt know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。（在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.）I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。（这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了，但是现在我知道你没病。）5. 在谈到已死去的人的情况时，多用过去时。Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。动词过去式规则变化：1.直接加ed: workworked ,2.以e结尾的单词，直接加d：livelived3.以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加ed：studystudied4. 以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后的辅音字母+ed：stopstopped不规则变化举例：have/hashad, eatate, seesaw，am/iswas, gowent, dodid，taketook, runran, lendlent一般过去时结构基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他否定形式：was/were + not；在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他？She often came to help us in those days.I didnt know you were so busy.过去进行时过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。 I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时，我正在跟李华谈话。I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看电视。过去进行时的结构：过去进行时由“was / were + 现在分词”构成。 I was doing my lessons then. 那时,我在做功课。We were cleaning the house. 我们在打扫房子。注意：1. 过去进行时可表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作。 He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他说他今天下午要去北京。2. hope, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语气比一般现在时或一般过去时要委婉。 I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否过来跟我们一起活动.3. 过去进行时中有always, forever, continually, constantly修饰时，表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。 He was always thinking of himself. 他总是只想到自己。过去将来时 过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即：过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态, 常用于宾语从句中。判断这种时态的依据是：要有表示过去的“动作”，而不是时间。The students said they would go to visit the Great Wall the next day.I was about to go out when the telephone rang. 用法：一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。其他表达法：1. was/were going to + 动词原形：He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.他说他退休后要住在农村。2. was/were + 动词-ing形式：Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.没人知道客人们是否要来。3. was/were + 动词不定式：She said she was to clean the classroom after school.她说她放学后要打扫教室。注意： 1. “was/were going to + 动词原形或was/were +动词不定式完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。2. “was/were about to do”表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。I felt something terrible was about to happen.我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。3. was/were on the point of doingIm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but youve saved me the trouble now.很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦了。4. “be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.我正要动身天突然下雨了。5. 过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。不管什么人称，一律用would。This door wouldnt open.这扇门老是打不开。 过去完成时结构：基本形式：had + 过去分词。 We had reached the top of the hill before midnight. 在半夜之前我们已登上了山顶。否定形式：had + not + 过去分词。They hadnt finished the work when we got there. 我们到那儿时，他们还没有完成工作。一般疑问句形式：had提到句首，回答用Yes, 主语 + had. / No, 主语 + hadnt. Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday? 他昨天告诉过你早点儿到那儿吗?Yes, he had. (No, he hadnt.) 是的，他告诉了。(不，他没有。)用法：1.用在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。 My father asked me if I had finished reading that book. 爸爸问我是否读完那本书了。2.用在“after / before / when + 过去时态从句”或有“by+过去时间”的句子中。 Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home. 在我回到家前，妈妈已经把饭做好了。3. 和由for或since 引导的、表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。 He had worked in that factory for five years before he moved here.他搬到这儿前已经在那个厂子工作了五年。特别注意: 只有确定了要填的词表示的动作是“过去的过去”或在一个过去动作之前，才能用过去完成时。否则要谨慎使用此时态。1. 标志性时间状语：by the end (of last year), by the time, before。 By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. 到去年年末为止，我们已经生产了20,000辆汽车。The train (had) left before we reached the station. (had可省)我们到达车站前，火车已经开走了。By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame. 1914年前，爱因斯坦就已经世界闻名了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished the homework.她完成了作业才上床睡觉。注意：before和after因为有明确的“前、后”之意，有时也可以用一般过去时表示过去的过去。2. 用于hope, intend, mean, think, expect 等词，表示未完成的愿望。可以译成“原希望/打算/原以为.”。I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.我原来希望送他张圣诞卡，但是忘了。We had thought to return early, but they wouldnt let us go. 我们本想早点回来，但是他们不让我们走。3. 用于hardly/scarcely when, no sooner than的句型，意思为“一/刚.就.”。Hardly had I arrived at the train station when the train left. 我刚到车站，火车就离开了。（前面从句用过去完成时，后面用一般过去时）练一练1. Shelly_ California for Texas and_ there ever since. You can go and pay her a visit on your way to Mexico. A. left; worked B. has left; had worked C. left; has worked D. has left; worked解析：left是过去的短暂动作，用一般过去时；而从后句可知，“在那里工作”到现在一直没有变，因为有“ever since（从此以后）”，用现在完成时。所以选C。 2.Did he decide to take part in the competition? Yes, of course. He _ to. A. has been encouraging B. had been encouraged C. has been encouraged D. was to be encouraged解析：encourage与He是被动关系，排除A；由Did可知是过去的事，而且先“受鼓励”，后“决定”，是过去的过去，用过去完成时。选B。 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别1. 过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。 He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)2. 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。 I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。3. 一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”；而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情的色彩。 He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。4. 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如:I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以为他会同意我们的。I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要说服他接受我们的建议做题技巧 时态是高考考查最多的语法项目之一，考查点多在于根据语境，选择正确的时态填空，所以做题的关键在于在正确理解各种时态的特征的基础下，吃透语境，摸准句子的真实意义，选出正确答案。确定时态的要点：1. 以说话时的时间点为参照点1）发生在此前的动作或存在的状态,就用过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来 时,过去完成时等)；2）发生在此时，就用现在时(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时等)；3）发生在之后的,就用将来时(一般将来时,将来进行时，将来完成时等)。2. 注意句中其他动词的时态，以及修饰动词的状语信息，如果过去完成时应有过去某一时间作为基点。3. 注意用虚拟语气的句子的时态，除虚拟语气的形式外，有时也考查根据虚拟语气来判断表示事实的句子的时态。练一练：1. In order to find the missing child, villagers _ all they can over th