高考英语重点(精校版).doc

常用的有：hourly每小时的， daily每天的， nightly每晚的， weekly每周的，biweekly两周一次的，monthly两月的，bimonthly两月一次、一月两次的，quarterly每季度，yearly每年的，biyearly两年一次的、一年两次的，early早的，timely及时，untimely不合时宜的，等等。2某些表示人的形容词。 常用的这类词有： manly男子气的， unmanly无男子气的，womanly女人气的，wifely妻子似的，fatherly父亲般的，childly孩子般的，comradely同志式的，lordly贵族似的，princely君王的，scholarly学者派头的，等等。3某些表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容词。 常用的这些词有：ugly丑的，homely不漂亮的、朴实的，comely漂亮的，portly肥胖的，lively活泼的，melancholy忧郁的，lonely寂寞的、孤单的，friendly友好的，unfriendly不友好的，kindly亲切的，wily诡计多端的，silly愚蠢的，cowardly胆小的，miserly吝啬的，niggardly 小气的、有礼貌的，sick-ly有病的， poorly身体不舒服的，beastly讨厌的，unruly不守规矩的，bastard-ly私生的、卑鄙的，burly魁梧的、粗鲁的，elderly较老的、年长的，unschol-arly没有学问的，等等。4某些表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词。 常用的这类词有：likely可能的、合适的，costly花费大的，orderly整齐的，chilly凉的，deadly致命的，deathly如死的，curly卷曲的，cleanly干净的，mannerly有礼貌的，masterly巧妙的、熟练的，rascally流氓的，chapely怡人的，sightly悦目的，goodly相当大的，shingly多小石子的，oily多油的，lowly卑鄙的，wooly毛的，unsightly难看的，ungainly笨拙的，stately堂皇的、威严的，crumbly易碎的，bodily肉体的，grisly可怕的，prickly多刺的，only唯一的，bally异常的，bubbly多泡的，seemly合适的，ghastly可怕的，等等。5某些表示天、地（包括方位）、神、鬼等的形容词。 常用的这类词有：heavenly天的， earthly大地的、世俗的， unearthly非人间的，worldly凡俗的，easterly东方的、向东的，southwesterly向西南的、自西南的，godly敬神的，unholy不信神的，ghostly鬼一般的，等等。动词-ing形式既可作动词的宾语，又可作介词的宾语。1. 以下动词或短语只接动词-ing形式作宾语：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等动词; cant stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短语。2. 在下列短语中，to是介词，后面应用动词-ing形式作宾语：be / get used to, look forward to, devoteto, pay attention to, object to等。3. 下列动词或短语既可以跟动词-ing形式作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别： like, love, prefer如表示经常性的行为后接动词-ing形式；如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式，但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would，后面则接动词不定式。如：Would you like to go shopping with me? 下列几组词接动词-ing形式作宾语和不定式作宾语含义不同：forget doing 忘记已做过某事； forget to do 忘记要做某事remember doing 记得做过某事； remember to do 记住要做某事mean doing 意思是，意味着； mean to do 打算做regret doing 后悔做过某事; regret to do 遗憾要做某事cant help doing 禁不住做； cant help (to) do 不能帮忙做。 在allow, permit, advise等动词后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，如果这些词后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We dont allow smoking in the classroom.We dont allow students to smoke. 动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后用动词-ing的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，这时动词-ing的主动形式表被动意义。如：Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.三、动词-ing的复合结构动词-ing的复合结构即：物主代词或名词所有格(作宾语时也可以用代词宾格或名词普通格) + 动词-ing。如：Lucys turning up surprised everyone present.Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?四、动词-ing的时态、语态以及否定形式动词-ing有一般式(doing) 和完成式 (having done) 两种时态，一般式的被动语态是being done，完成式的被动语态是having been done。动词-ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。动词-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。例如：Im sorry for not having told you the news earlier.单复同形的单词trousers（裤子）、chinese、japanese、police（警察）、cattle（牛）、deer（鹿）、sheep（羊）、fish（有时可以用作复数，说明鱼的种类）、people（有时可以用复数，表示种族）、means（方式方法）、clothes（衣服）、scissors（剪子）、scales（天平）、glasses（眼镜）1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3）表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）英语不能用被动语态的若干情况 不及物动词没有被动语态，如rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie, disappear, last等。如：After the fire, nothing remained.那场大火之后，什么也没留下来了。误：After the fire, nothing was remained.不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to等。如： Great changes have taken place here since 1990.自1990年以来这里发生了巨大的变化.误：Great changes have been taken place here since 1990.有的及物动词也没有被动语态，如cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, have, wish, hold, own, lack, fit, resemble, jump, mind等。如：She entered the room just now.他刚才进过房间。误：The room was entered by her just now. Tom jumped the queue.汤姆插队。误：The queue was jumped by Tom.有些及物的短语动词也没有被动语态，如agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, walk into, belong to等。如：I dont agree with him.我不同意他的看法。误：He isnt agreed with by me. ()宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、v-ing形式及抽象名词等，都不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself French.我自学法语。误：Myself was taught French.They love each other.他们相爱。误：Each other is loved.We live a happy life.我们过着幸福的生活。误：A happy is lived by us.She likes to swim.她喜欢游泳。误：To swim is liked by her. 介绍一种特殊的被动结构 先看看这个句子：I dont know him，but he _ to have a lot of money.A. says B. said C. is said D. is saying此题应选 C。这是一类比较特殊的被动语态。试比较以下各组句子：据说他是一个诚实的人。a. People say that he is an honest man.b. It is said that he is an honest man.c. He is said to be an honest man.据说龟比象活得久。a. People say that tortoises live longer than elephants.b. It is said that tortoises live longer than elephants.c. Tortoises are said to live longer than elephants.人们认为他已离开了。a. People believe that he has left.b. It is believed that he has left.c. He is believed to have left.他们认为他取得了很大的进步。a. They think that he has made great progress.b. Its thought that he has made great progress.c. He is thought to have made great progress.()常用于这类结构的动词有：say，think，believe，report等。带双宾语动词的被动语态有何规律 请看几个句子：主动：He answered me the question. (正)被动：I was answered the question by him. (正)被动：The question was answered me by him. (误)以上句子涉及带双宾语动词的被动语态问题。这个问题可以从三个方面去概括：有些带双宾语的动词转换为被动语态时，可以有两种形式(即可用直接宾语或间接宾语作主语)，这类动词主要的有：buy，give，lend，pay，show，teach，tell，offer，leave，award等：他给了她一些钱。主动：He gave her some money. (正)被动：She was given some money by him. (正)被动：Some money was given (to) her by him. (正)有些带双宾语的动词转换为被动语态时，通常要用直接宾语作主语，这类动词主要的有：do，make，pass，sell，sing，write等：他给她写了封信。主动：He wrote her a letter. (正)被动：A letter was written (to) her by him. (正)被动：She was written a letter by him. (少见)有些带双宾语的动词转换为被动语态时，通常要用间接宾语作主语，这类动词主要的有：answer，refuse，save，spare，deny，envy等()：他们不允许我入场。主动：They refused me admittance. (正)被动：I was refused admittance by them. (正)被动：Admittance was refused me by them. (少见) 主动表被动的常见情形 (1)连用动词用主动表被动：尤其是表示“起来”的系动词，如sound(听起来), taste(吃起来), smell(闻起来), feel(摸起来), look, seem(看起来)等，尽管它在汉语意思含有被动意味，但英语却要用主动形式表示被动含义。如：绸子摸起来柔软光滑。误：Silk is felt soft and smooth.正：Silk feels soft and smooth.他并不像他看起来那么傻。误：He is not such a fool as he is looked.正：He is not such a fool as he looks.(2)某些不及动词用主动表被动：用作不及物动词的open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook等，当主语是物，且因该事物本身具有某一固有特点使得谓语动词能以某种方式得以实现或难以实现时，用主动形式表示被动含义。如：The book sells well.这本书卖得不错。The window wont open.窗子打不开了。This shirt will wear very long.这衬衫可以穿很久。This cheese doesnt cut easily. Its too soft.这乳酪不容易切，太软了。(3)关于let, blame：不定式to blame, to let等作表语时，用主动表示被动。如：This house is to let.此房出租。Nobody is to blame for it.谁也不该埋怨。(4)几个表示“需要”的动词：在表示“(某物)需要”的need, want, require等后的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。如()：The house wants painting(= to be painted).房子需要油漆了。The floor requires washing(= to be washed).地板该洗了。(5)关于be worth doing sth：在be worth后的动名词用主动表示被动。如：His suggestion is worth considering.他的建议值得考虑。This clock is hardly worth repairing.这个钟几乎不值得修了。 主动语态变被动语态的易错点 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，但变间接宾语为主语的情况较多。主动：Tom gave me a present on my birthday.我生日那天汤姆送我一件礼物。被动：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday.A present was given to me yesterday.注意：如果把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词。1.在下列动词后，通常在间接宾语前用介词to：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take,通tell等。2.在下列动词后，一般在间接宾语前用介词for：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。 主动：Mother made me a new skirt.母亲给我做了件衬衣。被动：A new skirt was made for me.3.由于某些动词与介词有习惯搭配，既不用to也不用for,而用别的介词。如:People all over the world know the Great Wall.世界上的人都知道长城。The Great Wall is known to people all over the world.（不用by短语）4.有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通或不习惯，必须用直接宾语作主语。如： Tom wrote me a letter 误：I was written a letter by Tom 正：A letter was written to me by Tom 类似的动词还有：return, send, pass, hand, sell, teach等。含复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的主动句改为被动句时，一般把主动句中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。如：We always keep the classroom clean.我们总是保持教室清洁。The classroom is always kept clean.教室总是保持清洁的。They asked me to help them.他们叫我帮助他们。I was asked to help them.我被他们叫去帮忙了。We saw them playing football.我们看到他们在踢足球。They were seen playing football.他们被人看见在踢足球。注意：1.在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后要加上to。We often hear her sing.我们经常听到她唱歌。She is often heard to sing.经常有人听到她唱歌。2.如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： We called him an ass.我们叫他傻瓜。误：As ass was called him.正：He was called an ass.短语动词的被动语态1.“动词+介词/副词”构成的短语动词，变成被动语态时，要把它们作为整体看待，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。如：The patient is being operated on.病人正在动手术。His request was turned down.他的要求遭到拒绝。注：这类短语动词常见的还有agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, call on等。常用的由“及物动词+副词”构成的短语动词有bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put on, put off, take off, think over, work out, turn out, sell out, use up look up (查询) ()等。 2.“动词副词介词”构成的短语动词，变成变动语态时，要把它们作为一个整体看待。如：The poor were looked down upon then.那时穷人被人瞧不起。 He was looked up to by everyone他被人们所敬仰。 注：这类短语动词还有：get out of, look out of, get on with，get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。3.“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动动词，变被动语态时，既可将短语动词后的宾语作为被动句的主语，也可将短语动词中的名词作为被动句的主语。如： You must pay attention to your pronunciation.你必须注意你的发音。Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.注：这类短语动词常见的还有catch sight of, make use of, make fun of, make friends with, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of, keep an eye on等。当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的复合不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody，作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can lift this stone.谁也拿不起这块石头。误：The stone can be lifted by nobody.正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody.()当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean.误：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：Who wrote this novel?这部小说是谁写的？误：Who was this novel written by?正：By whom was this novel written?主动句中完成进行时态时，相应的被动句变为完成时态。如：He has been using this dictionary for ten years.这本词典他用了十年了。This dictionary has been used for ten years. 容易出错的被动语态时态 请看看这道题：Have you moved into the new house?Not yet. The rooms _.A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting此题选A。从句意上看，此题应选被动式(这是显然的)，同时注意：被动语态要用现在进行时形式(这点容易忽视)。在做动词的语态题时，同时要注意其时态形式：You are wanted on the phone.有人给你打电话。(一般现在时)When was the building completed?这座大楼什么时候建成?(一般过去时)You wont be allowed to take so much luggage with you.不会准你带这么多行李。(一般将来时)A new railway is now being built.一条新铁路正在修建。(现在进行时)The roads were being widened.道路当时正在加宽。(过去进行时)Such a thing has never been heard of before.这种事以前从未听说过。(现在完成时)有时被动式动词可与情态动词连用：The work must be finished at once.这工作必须马上完成。The method can still be improved upon.这方法还可以改进。My umbrella may have been left on the train.我的伞可能忘在火车上了。通常不用于被动语态的静态动词 那里的人缺乏食物。正：People there lack food.误：Food is lacked by people there.从形式上看，第2句是第1句的相应的被动形式，既然第1句为正句，那么第2句从理论上说应该是成立的。而事实上第2句却是个错句。在英语中，并不是所有的及物动词都可以用于被动语态的，有些动词(尤其是那些静态动词)尽管它们可以带宾语，但却不用于被动语态，这种动词考生容易弄错，其中主要的有：have，lack，fit，suit，cost，let，like等：他有一台电脑。正：He has a computer.误：A computer is had by him.他当时正在洗澡。正：He was taking a bath.误：A bath was being had by him.我的鞋不适合。正：My shoes dont fit me.误：I am not fitted by my shoes.这架钢琴花了她6000美元。正：The piano cost her 6000 dollars.误：She was cost her 6000 dollars.误：6000 dollars was cost her.这件衣服他穿很合适。正：The coat suits him very well.误：He is well suited by the coat.take place等能用于被动语态吗 请看下面的题：Great changes _ in China since 1978.A. have taken place B. took place C. have been taken place D. were taken place此题应选A。首先要排除C，D，因为take place(发生)是不及物动词，所以不能用被动语态；另一方面，因为句子中的since 1978，所以句子宜用现在完成时A。大家知道，不及物动词没有被动语态(因为不及物动词没有宾语，转换成被动语态便没有主语)。但这里要注意的是：由于受汉语的影响，有些不及物动词很容易被考生误认为是及物动词，从而误用被动语态。这类易用错的动词主要的有take place发生/happen发生/come about发生/breakout爆发/appear出现/disappear消失/last持续 等)。他出什么事了?误：What was is happened to him?正：What has happened to him?每四年举行一次选举。误：Elections are taken place every four years.正：Elections take place every four years.我不知道这事是怎么发生的。误：I dont know how this thing was come about.正：I dont know how this thing came about.夜里起了一起火灾。误：A fire was broken out during the night.正：A fire broke out during the night.表示“据说”的三类被动句型 (1) It is said that句式It is said that honesty is the best policy.人们说诚实是上策。It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.据说13是一个不吉利的数字。It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy.据说吃得最多的人身体最差。注：其他类似结构还有：Its supposed to be very good.据说它质量很好。Its expected that the war would end soon.预计战争不久即可结束。It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.据报道又有一颗卫星上天了。(2) There is said that句式There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.据信我们近海有大量石油。注：其他类似表达还有：There is supposed to be a train at 9:30.九点半应有一班火车。There are known to be thousands of different species of beetles.据了解，有成千上万种不同的甲虫。(3) sb / sth is said that句式：其意为“据说”，Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.据说布朗先生死于肝癌。注：其他类似表达还有：The strike is expected to end soon.估计罢工不久就可结束。He is believed to have already got out of the country.据信他已离开这个国家。 被动语态的主要用法 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)They have been poorly paid.他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。The time-table has been changed.时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”)These books are written especially for children.这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting.请您在下次会议上作个发言。It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人。出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：It is generally considered impolite to ask ones age, salary, marriage, etc. .问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area.这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)8种常用时态的被动语态 由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。(1)一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：Rice is grown in south China.华南种植水稻。(2)一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：The glass was broken yesterday.这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。(3)现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：The project is being carried out.这个计划正在执行中。(4)过去进行时：was/were/being +过去分词。如：This road was being built this time last year.这条路去年这个时候还在修建。(5)一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：The cars will be sent abroad by sea.这些汽车将由水路运往国外。(6)过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。(7)现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：This novel has been translated into several languages.这本小说已被译成了几种语言。(8)过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。使用被动语态“六注意” 一要注意被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词”，其中的助动词 be根据情况可使用各种不同时态。如：She is respected by everyone.她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)The book will be reprinted soon.这本书很快会重印。(一般将来时)The road is being repaired.路正在修整。(现在进行时)They have been given a warning.他们受到警告。(现在完成时)二要注意带情态动词的被动语态该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”。这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如：The rules must be obeyed.这些规章制度必须遵守。They shouldnt have been told about it.这事是不应当告诉他们的。三要注意非谓语动词的被动语态1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：She asked to be given some work to do.她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak.他是最后被邀请发言的人。2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如：I should like to have been told the result earlier.我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：I saw him being taken away.我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe.有墙作保护，他感到很安全。4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：Having been invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow.因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：She likes being looked at.她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of.他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being settled.这个问题远没解决。6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。四要注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，有时也可用“get+过去分词”构成。如：James got beaten last night.詹姆斯昨晚被打了。How did that window get opened?那个窗户是如何打开的？但总的说来，用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见，尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时，用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时