非谓语动词之三.doc

非谓语动词之三分词 编辑人：鞠栋教师寄语：精通语法，掌握准确的语法，才能与人交流一、 概说分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。它作为动词的非谓语形式，有自己的状语和宾语，因而构成了分词短语。二、 形式及意义1 现在分词 主动式被动式意义一般式doingbeing done表主语的特征（做表语）或进行性动作完成式having donehaving been done表发生在谓语之前行为2 过去分词 只有一种形式done,表被动、完成的行为。注意：正确区分和使用现在分词和过去分词的方法就要看分词的逻辑主语是谁！三、 作用 分词起形容词的作用，可在句中做表语、定语和宾语补足语；分词起副词的作用，在句中做状语。一） 表语分词相当于一个形容词1 现在分词作表语：表主语的特征。 The situation in the countryside is encouraging. The puzzle is so puzzling that it makes us confusing.注意：1.动名词做表语表主语的内容 . Her job is sweeping the floor in the hospital.(也可说：Sweeping the floor is her job in the hospital.)2.过去分词做表语：表主语的状态（即主语承受被动动作之后所呈现的状态） The door is locked.（谓语的时态应与主语所处的状态一致） 注意：表被动动作的过去分词做表语时，谓语的时态应与动作发生的时间一致。 The door was locked by Xiao Li3.表人的心理活动的动词（如：excite, move, touch; surprise, amaze, astonish; frighten, terrify,scarce;please,satisfy;delight,amuse,entertain;tire,bore;encourage,inspire;interest;puzzle, onfuse; disappoint,等）的现在分词表“令人产生某种感觉”，作表语时，主语多为事物；作定语时，被修饰词多为事物。如， The story was so touching that it all the moving children touched to tears. The countryside situation is inspiring.而过去分词表自身感觉，作表表语时，主语多为人；作定语时，被修饰词大多为人。如 We were confused at his description. 听了他的解释我们困惑不解。 We were much entertained at the amusing music at the concert.注意：有时侯需根据句意来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语或定语。如 The frightening dog was terrified at the frightening loud noise. 这条可怕的狗听到那可怕的声音给吓坏了。 The excited expression on her face suggested that he was excited at the moment.二） 定语逻辑主语为被修饰词1单个分词作定语，放在被修饰词之前1） 现在分词表由被修饰词发出的进行性行为或表被修饰词的特征。 a sleeping babya baby that is sleeping a rising suna sun that is rising a tiring journey a journey that is tiring a amazing scenea scene that is amazing 2)过去分词： 及物动词的过去分词表被动行为：a broken glassa glass that is brokenA cooked meala meal that is cooked 不及物动词的过去分词表完成行为（不表被动）：fallen leaves（落叶） developed countries(发达国家) 2.分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句 1）现在分词作定语，由被修饰词发出一个正在进行的动作或一般性动作。 Who is the man speaking at the meeting?( that is speaking at the meeting ) The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew.( that hangs on the wall) The matter relating to your study surely requires dealing with carefully. 2)过去分词作定语，由被修饰词承受的一个被动完成的行为或无时间性的行为。 Many things considered impossible in the past are now very common today. ( which was considered impossible in the past) Id like to use thing made in China. ( that is made in China) Dont use words , expressions or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.注意：1.若表一个被动动作正在进行，则用“being过去分词”作定语。 You cant imagine what great trouble the have solving the problem being discussed. 2.表将来被动行为时则用不定式的被动式。 Henry cant attend the party being held at Toms house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party to be held at Maries house tomorrow. 3.分词短语可用作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。 The computer centre, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. The Olympic Games, _in 776 B.C., did not include women players until1912.A. first playing B. to be first played C. to be first playing D. first played三） 宾语补足语逻辑主语为谓语动词后的 主谓关系 现在分词（主动进行） Vt.宾语（名词或代词）宾语补足语（分词） 复合宾语 过去分词（被动完成）分词作宾语补足语，主要在两类动词之后。1. 感官动词:see, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at listen to; find, smell等后。The lost boy was last seen playing near the river bank. A. play B. to play C. playing D. playedThe manager discussed the plan that they would like to see _the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 注意：若宾补的被动动作正在进行，则用“being过去分词”作宾补。 As a little boy, I often watched tape recorders being repaired.2. 使役动词（表“使、让、叫”的动词）：let, have, make; get, set; keep, leave; cause, send Lead, drive等后。Who left the door unlocked? Dont worry. Ill have it _and get someone _it to you tomorrow.A. typed; send B. to type ;to send C. type; send C. typed; to send对比：I have many papers to type today, but I have many other things to do.Can you have them typed for me?(分析两句中的have意思一样吗) 注意：上述两类动词后宾补表被动时只用过去分词。但指向未来性动词want, wish, would like, expect, order等的被动宾补，既可用过去分词，也可用 “to be过去分词”。 The Emperor ordered the cloth (to be) woven for him at once. Everyone expected to see the splendid cloth which the Emperor had ordered to be woven for him for so much money.四） 状语逻辑主语为句子的主语1. 现在分词作伴随或方式状语，表主语发出的另一次要动作，来对主句谓语动词进行补述。(只用分词一般式的主动式，多位于主句后)“Cant you read?”Mary said angrily pointing to the notice.(and angrily pointed to The notice) He worked late into the night preparing a report. 而过去分词作状语，表主句谓语动词发生的背景或与之相并存在的情况。 Exhausted,I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.(Because I was exhausted) At the words, the girl stood there embarrassed.(and was embarrassed) Supported by a young girl, the white-haired old woman entered tired out of breath. He entered the concert hall followed by a group of active children. _the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _out of life. A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening C. Seen; frightened D. To see; frightening 2.分词作原因状语，相当于because或as 引导的原因状语从句。 Being seriously ill, she cant go with you.（Because she is seriously ill） Not having received his answer, she decided to write another letter. (Because he had not received his answer) Not invited to the party, she felt unhappy.(As she was not invited to the party) Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached.3.分词作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。1） 现在分词A. 一般式相当于when引导的时间状语从句。 Entering the classroom, he saw many villagers sitting at the end. (When he entered the classroom) Turning around ,she saw a car coming.(When he turned around)注意：上述分词动作一发生便发生了谓语动词的动作。但当分词动作与谓语动词的动作完全同时发生时，分词前常加when或while. I got to know her while/when having a meeting in Shanghai. Be careful while crossing the street. When reading a book by Luxun,I suddenly understood the life principle.B. 完成式相当于after引导的时间状语从句.Having got everything ready, we set out on our journey.(After we had got everything ready) 2)过去分词 United, we stand; divided, we fall.(=When we are united;when we are divided) Seen from another side, he is a good person.3. 分词作条件状语,相当于if引导条件状语从句。Having grown up in a larger family, you might have felt more happy.(=If you had grow up in a larger family)Given more water, the flower wouldnt have died. (=If it had been given more water) 4. 分词作让步状语，相当于though或although引导的让步状语从句。Lacking care and love in a strange land, she studied hard.(=Though she lacked care and love in a strange land)Beaten several times, the dog still attacks little children.(=Though it has been beaten several times)5. 现在分词一般式的主动式可作结果状语（位于主句后）He fell off the tree, breaking his leg. She wrapped her burn for three days, causing it infected. 注意:1. 过去分词前一般可以加一个连词来时分词的作用更加明确。多为连词when,while,once,until,if,unless,though/although, as if/though, even if,Even though 等后。If heated,(条件) water can be changed into vapour. When heated,（时间） The project is so designed that once_nothing can be done to change it. A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun You should keep silent when_. A.speaking B.spoken to C.spoken D.speaking to 而现在分词除表动作与主句谓语动词完全同时发生时可用when/whlile+doing外，though与if 也可接现在分词。高考题如下; Though_money, his parents managed to send him to university. A.lacked B.lacking of C.lacking D.lacked in If_ill,Ill stay at home,_a good rest. A.to fall;taking B.fall;to take C.falling;taking D.falling;take 2.用作独立成分的分词位于句首，与主句主语没有关系。常见的有：generally speaking, judging by/from,supposing,talking of等。 Talking of present situation,we feel a certain pressure on our shoulder. Supposing we lose the game,what will our coach behave towards us? 有的位于主句后： Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says. Burns are called first,second or third degree burns,depending on which layer of the skin are burned.3.过去分词作状语时，前不可加being.但强调一个被动动作正在进行时，偶尔可加being . Lost in thought,he didnt hear my coming in.(lost 表状态) Watered twice,the wheat grows well.(watered表一个完成的动作)4.过去分词作状语时，状态性分词前不但不可加being ，也不可加having been;而动作性分词，强调这一动作在谓语之前发生或持续到谓语时，前可以加having been.( Having been )watered twice,the wheat grows well. 你知道下列句子中的状语分词是状态性分词还是动作性分词? Well-known for their expertise,his parents company ,called“Future Tours”,transported me safely into the future in a time capsule. Hit by a lack of fresh air,my head ached. Exhausted,I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. Informed of the accident,we all rushed to the hospital to see Lao Li.5 很多过去分词已转化为状态性，它们像形容词一样可放在系动词之后作表语。如(be) covered/lined/decorated/furnished/equipped/faced/pleased/satisfied/(with);(be)lost(in);gone,tired,bored,determined,broken,cut,done,made,Finished等。All the people tired of the film were detemined never to see it again.6分词作用简表成分表语 定语宾语补足语状语逻辑主语形式7.高考中的分词中题及易混题1.（2010全国卷II ）Though_to see us,the professor gave us a warm welcome. A.surprising B.was surprised C.surprised D.beingsurprised2.(高三11月统考)_scores of times,but he still couldnt understand it. A.Haveing explained B.Having been explained C.Though it was explained D.It was explained3.(2009天津高考)_by advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farmson their land.A.Being encouraged B.Encouraged C.Ecouraging D.Having encouraged4.(2009天津高考)_the project in time,the staff were working at the weekends. A.Completing B.Having completed C.To have completed D.To complete5.(2010山东高考)The school rules stare that no child should be allowed out of the school during the day,_accommpanied by an adult A.once B.when C.if D.unless6.(2010浙江)The experiment shows that proper amount of exercise, if_regularly,can improve our health. A.being carried out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out 7.（2009北京）All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ information in a more effective way.A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present 8.（2009北京）_ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten9. （2009福建） _ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manger set out for the airport in a hurry. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminding 10. （2009江西） _ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given 11.（2009湖南） Every evening after dinner, if not _ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. A. Being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired12.（2009湖南） Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it _. A. reusing B. reused C. reuse D. to be reused 13.（ 2008陕西） _ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show14.（2008浙江）It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year. A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found15.（2008北京） I t