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4/29/2009 專題討論課演講:潘君鳳、葉秀宇、王雅鈴、簡良霖、何雪綾、邱垂德關係主義下的華人婚姻：探討家庭傳統規範、夫妻情感聯結及婚姻適應之關係D95227105 潘君鳳指導教授 黃光國摘要本研究旨在探討夫妻關係情感連結與傳統家庭規範價值觀對新婚夫妻的婚姻適應的關連，採用夫妻關係情感聯結量表、張思嘉等人（2008）所編制的適應問題、婚姻態度及適應策略，與周玉慧等人（2002）所編制的婚姻品質四個量表釐清新婚夫妻的關係情感之連結程度與傳統家庭規則的婚姻態度對其在婚姻中與配偶互動、適應問題的影響。以台灣各縣市109對（n=218）結婚3年內的新婚夫妻為施測樣本。研究結果顯示：個人越重視夫妻關係情感聯結的程度，在婚姻關係中越不需要適應，也越不會感到婚姻適應困難。傳統家庭規則態度越高的丈夫，容易知覺到必須與配偶原生家庭的適應需要。傳統家庭規則態度越高的妻子，較不容易感到適應困難。在婚姻適應策略方面，妻子較會採取間接處理方式，丈夫則較使用自我檢討與改變自己的策略。在婚姻適應結果方面，妻的婚姻滿意度比夫低，生理憂鬱比夫高，且容易受到夫的婚姻滿意度影響。綜合以上結果，本研究發現新婚夫妻的適應結果受到個人的重視夫妻關係情感聯結的程度與傳統家庭規則態度影響。驗證近代華人婚姻型態受到儒家傳統文化之家族性婚姻觀與西方自由文化之情感性婚姻觀共同的影響，因此傳統父系為主與夫妻親密情感形成了華人特殊的婚姻問題與婚姻適應型態。未來可以探討華人夫妻在看似對立的兩套婚姻價值觀（家庭價值與婚姻價值）中取得心理社會均衡的歷程。本研究另一發現，在婚姻關係中丈夫的生心壓力會在自覺職家發生衝突時，與適應困難時提升，但不會受到妻子的態度與適應結果影響，而妻子卻會受丈夫之婚姻關係情感聯結的重視程度、適應困難程度、及婚姻滿意度影響。未來可以探討華人夫妻在互動時，權力展現的面向、歷程及影響婚姻適應的結果。 Could Physical Factors Explain Self-Rated Health Determinants for Elders Properly? (Results from Taiwan NHIS in 2005)D96227207 Hsiu-Yu Yeh Adviser: Ching-Yu Chen, Yin-Chang WuObjective A single item measure of Self-rated health (SRH) is an important outcome variable in elder research. Literature has confirmed it is a reliable predictor in mortality and morbidity for elders. Although it has been used as a popular variable in nationwide health surveys, seldom research has focused on by which determinants it is contributed. Many studies only focused on the relationships between biological factors and SRH. Some of them were lack of review of psycho-social factors. Some other studies which took psycho-social factors into consideration hardly found relationships between those factors and SRH. Also, few study analyzed database with a theoretical model to interpret the determinants of SRH. According to the flaw of previous studies, we suggested a multi-dimensional bio-psycho-social model to understand determinants of SRH for Taiwanese elders.Method A cross-sectional database was derived from wave 2 of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for Taiwanese elders in 2005.After missing-value and samples with defected cognitive function were eliminated, 2116 elder samples were used in this study. Results Correlation analysis was used to identify 15 measures as possible determinants of SRH. Based on the theoretical model, these measures could separate into three different dimensions: biological (health complaints, physical disabilities), psychological (emotional status), and social dimension (social function). Analyses of hierarchical regression methods were performed with SRH as the dependent variable and 15 possible determinants in 5 blocks as independent variables. Total variables could explain 26.3% variance of SRH. Each block of variables, such as demographic factors (gender, age, marriage, education and work), health complaints (cardiovascular illness, chronic pain), physical disabilities (functional limitation, instrumental activities of daily living, basic activities of daily living), emotional status (positive and negative emotions), and social function (social support, social network, and social engagement), had a significant contribution to SRH.Conclusion The results showed the determinants in different dimensions could explain SRH after controlling demographic variables, suggesting biological, psychological and social factors can neither be ignored when discussing about SRH determinants. To understand SRH determinants for elders more properly, an integrative theoretical model should be considered in future research. Away from me: The effect of psychological distance on reducing the deficiencies in attachment anxietyD97227102: 王雅鈴Advisor: 林以正 AbstractThe deficiency in attachment anxiety has been regarded as one of the most crucial factors that lead to low satisfaction and even separation within dating couples. According to attachment theory, interpersonal conflicts serve as a major trigger of the attachment system, especially for highly anxious individuals (Simpson & Duemmler, 1994). When conflicts arise, the deficiencies in anxious attached people emerge and inevitably, anxious attached people confront some struggles and are deeply in a predicament. Several deficiencies of anxious individuals are as following.First, anxious attached individuals tend to have a sense of uncertainty (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Collins & Read,1990;Bartholomew,1990). They are often self-doubted and worry about being abandoned. Thus, they need repeated and continual validations from their partners. Next, they have lower activation threshold for perceiving relationship threats. That is, they are more easily triggered by relationship threats (Simpson & Rholes, 1994). Going back to their history of interactions with a primary caregiver, an anxiously attached person may receive insufficient responsiveness and support, and thus leading to form his or her myopic focus on small pieces of relationships and each conflict event in his or her romantic relationships, which could be viewed as an adaptive response in their later life (Bowlby, 1973, 1980; Campbell, Simpson, Boldry, Kashy, 2005). Moreover, they tend to bias their perception. They may place slightly greater weight on cues of rejection than on cues of support (Simpson, Campbell, & Weisberg, 2006). This biasing effect of anxious working models emerges in the two following aspects. The one thing, they typically perceive more daily conflict than their romantic partners do (Campbell, Simpson, Boldry, Kashy, 2005; Simpson, Campbell, & Weisberg, 2006). The other thing, they occasionally detect daily relationship conflicts that do not exist. Finally, since they have many deficiencies mentioned above, highly anxious people have tendency to be temperamental and display more unpredictable behaviors during interactions with their partners. Also, they easily experience emotional swing and their habitual parts of life are likely to be tumultuous emotional ups and downs (Campbell, Simpson, Boldry, Kashy, 2005; Simpson, Campbell, & Weisberg, 2006). However, there is little research that investigates how the deficiencies in attachment anxiety can be effectively reduced. Developing a paradigm for improving their deficiencies is absolutely an important direction for attachment researchers.The study therefore connects Construal Level Theory (CLT, Trope & Liberman, 2003, 2008) into our theoretical framework to resolve the questions. Trope and Liberman(2003) noted that although we physically experience here and now directly, we can mentally transcend that experience. CLT, a recently popular psychological theory, refers to the relation between psychological distance and construal level. In CLT, events or objects can be represented at different levels of construal. In addition, psychological distance is defined as a mental construction that events or objects can be psychologically removed from the self. When events or objects are psychologically distant, they will be represented at a higher level of construal. On the other hand, events or objects will be represented at a lower level of construal when they are psychologically near. Moreover, psychological distance involves four different dimensions, which are temporal, spatial, social, and hypotheticality. The increase of any dimension of psychological distance has the equivalent effect of leading to high-level construal. Given these theoretical considerations and empirical findings mentioned above, the research is aimed to investigate the effect of psychological distance on the reducing deficiencies in attachment anxiety and, furthermore, the mechanism between them. Moreover, these theoretical integrations led the researchers to derive three hypotheses: (a) Deficiencies in attachment anxiety can be reduced by the increase of psychological distance from direct experience. (B) Construal level is the mechanism between the increase of psychological distance and the decrease of deficiencies in attachment anxiety. That is, the deficiencies in attachment anxiety can be reduced by the increase of psychological distance via high-level construal. (c) As opposed to secure individuals, highly anxious individuals benefit more from the increase of psychological distance from directly experience.負向自我知覺老化在台灣老人族群中之影響報告者：簡良霖指導教授：吳英璋教授、陳慶餘教授摘要國外研究發現，對許多老人個體而言，年紀已老與覺得自己老了沒有必然的因果關係。除了年齡之外，身體能力、認知能力、社會關係等都可能影響個體是否覺得自己老了。而負向自覺老化會影響個體的生活滿意度、存活率、功能性健康。本研究利用國內的臺灣地區老人保健與生活問題長期追蹤調查資料庫，發現負向自我知覺老化在控制年齡、性別、日常生活功能、憂鬱分數後，依然可以預測15年後的存活狀況。負向自我知覺老化也會影響之後得到關節炎與心臟疾病的機率，且對後續十年的自評健康也有顯著的影響。因此，負向自我知覺老化對台灣老人壽命與相關健康的影響是存在的；後續研究則需要去探討其機制。持續性腦震盪後症候群患者的主觀目標設定探討D97227201 何雪綾指導教授 吳英璋摘要 輕微頭部創傷(mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI)患者中，約有1020%的患者持續3個月以上有腦震盪後症狀抱怨，而被診斷為持續性腦震盪後症候群(persistent post-concussion syndrome, PPCS)。依據何(2008)針對mTBI患者傷後適應歷程的研究結果，mTBI患者的傷後復原包含兩層次的歷程：傷後症狀及相關壓力源因應及受傷相關經驗意義化，此兩層次相互影響，進而決定患者後續的適應狀態。PPCS患者在復原初期的因應行為可能缺乏適應性，進而影響其後續壓力因應，形成惡性循環。因應行為可視為個體在真實世界中，運用各種認知能力所進行的問題解決過程。PPCS患者在傷後初期的因應行為成效，除了涉及患者是否仍保有此問題解決過程中所需的基本認知能力，更受到患者基於個人受傷經驗，對傷後復原所形成的主觀目標設定、及實際採行的問題解決行為所影響。其中，目標設定指導了患者的行為表現，可能扮演著更為重要的角色。本研究嘗試透過個案研究法，瞭解PPCS患者受傷後的主觀目標設定及認知功能表現，欲回答以下問題：(1)PPCS患者相較於非PPCS的mTBI患者，其主觀目標設定內容是否呈現主題上的差異，(2)PPCS患者的傷後目標設定是否呈現不同向度之間的相互衝突，(3)PPCS患者相較於非PPCS的mTBI患者，是否較不傾向進行目標解除與目標重新涉入。關鍵字：輕微頭部創傷、持續性腦震盪後症候群、目標設定、內容分析、個案研究Dissociation: Family function, cognitive characteristics, and psychological d