常用前缀的小结.doc

常用前缀的小结(2010-11-16 15:51:35)转载标签： 教育 “a-”：古英语前置词on的缩写形式，含义为“在之上”，“在之中”，“进入到”，“到”，构成一个谓语或状语成分：aside等；古英语前置词of的缩写形式：afresh; anew等；少数情况下不指动作的全过程，只涉及其终结：abide (by)等；ab的异体字，用在字母p和v之前。“ab”含义为“从，离开”，含义相当于off：absent; abstract；ad的异体字，亦作a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap, ar-, as-, at-等。通常有“向；增加，增长”的含义，相当于off：absent; abstract。需要和介词构成搭配；an的异体字，通常有“无，缺少”的含义：anecdote等。 “be-”：含义为“附近，到处，周围”，有强调的意味，也常有轻蔑，贬低的意味。常用使不及物动词、名词、形容词等变为及物动词。“bi, by”为其非强调形式。 “com-”：表示“与”，“共”，“合”，“全”，“完整”，“相关”等，有co-, con-, col-, cor-等变体形式。 “contra-”：“反对”，“相反”，“针对”：contrast等；“低”，“下”。 “counter-”：“反对”，“相反”，“针对”，“面对”，“响应”等；“补充”，“对应”，“类似”，“报答”等；“替代”，“副本”等。 “de-”：“否定”，“取消”，“相反”，“颠倒”：decentralize；“向下”，“下降”：decline；“离开，脱离”（di-,dis-为变体形式）：derail, detrain；“完全地（加强语气）”（dia为变体形式）：defunt, denude等； 异体字“di”含义为“经过”，“在之间”，“越过”，“属于”。 “di-”：“二”；异体字“dia”，“彻底”，“完全的”；异体字“dia”含义为“经过”，“在之间”，“越过”，“属于”。 “dis-”：否定或相反的含义（见de-, un-）；“除去的”，“分开的”，“离开”；存在变体“bi”：“完全地”； 变体“di”近似“bi”，含义为“二”。 “en-”：该前缀存在“em-”等变体。“在里面”，“进入”，“放进”，“放在上面”；“使”，“使成为”，“使处于状态”；加在动词的前面，使它们成为及物动词；如果本身就是及物动词，则赋予它们及物的符号。 “epi-”：“在上面”，“在之上”；“在旁”，“在附近”；“在之前”，“在之后”。 “ex-”：该前缀存在“e-”，“ec-”，“ef-”，“el-”，“em-”，“is-”等变体。“出自”，“从”；有时还有相反或否定的含义；该前缀含有“全部地”，“彻底地”的含义。 “fore-”：“前”，“先”，“预”；前部的；（位置）在上的；变体为“for-”：“离去”，“极度”，“过度”，“不当”。 “in-”：（有变体en-; em-; im-; ir-等）与动词结合，起及物与强调作用；（有变体ig-; il-; im-; ir-等）具有反义和否定的作用，可以自由地和英语单词结合构成新词，尤其可与英语的形容词及其派生词、名词结合。 “inter-”：含义主要有：“在之间”，“在之中”，“相互地”，“在一起”。 “intra-”：含义主要有：“在内”，“进入”，“向内”。 “meta-”：含义主要有：“继后”，“带有”，“同一道”，“超过”，“在中间”，“位于后”等。其他前缀“ortho-”以及“para-”有类似的用法。 “mis-”：单纯的否定；“坏”，“误”，“错误”，“不正确的”等。 “non-”：通常起到单纯的否定作用。 “ob-”：变体形式为“o-”，“oc-”，“of-”，“op-”等。含义为“向”，“到”，“在上面”，“在上空”，“对”等；现在用来表达“逆”，“反”，“非”，“倒”等。 “out-”：出现于各种意义的复合词中，亦可构成许多及物动词，表示在某种指明的行动中的超出、超越或胜出。 “over-”：出现于各种意义的复合词中，尤用于下列含义：“超过界限”，“过度”，“过分”，“太”，以构成动词、形容词、副词和名词。 “para-”：含义为“旁”；有时还有“附近”，“超越”，“侧面”，“偏差”等含义；含义为“保护”，“防护”，“防止”，“为防止而作好战斗的准备；避开（危险）”等。 “per-”：变体为“pol-”。“通过”，“彻底地”，“完全”，“十分”等；“高”，“过”等。 “peri-”：含义为“大约”，“附近”，“周围”，“超过”等。 “post-”：含义为“后”，“次”等。 “pre-”：含义为“在前”；“在之前”，“早的”，“预先的”，“在前的”以及其他的比喻用法。 “pro-”：变体形式为“pur-; por-”。含义为“亲”，“赞成”，“偏袒”，为“anti-”的对立面；表示“在空间或时间上优先”，尤其包含“向前进，向前或向外突出”等；常加在不用作词的词干前面。 “re-”：“回复，回报，相互”：repay, restore, react, revenge；“又，再，重新，反复”：remarry, reappear, retell；“反对，对立”：rebel, repel, resist；“在后，往后”：recall, remain, repent, retard, revert；“退隐，隐秘”：recluse, reticence；“离开，放掉，去，下”：resign, repress等。 “se-”：含义主要有：“离去”，“离开”，“往侧面移动，离开”。 “sub-”：变体形式有“su-”，“suc-”，“suf-”，“sug-”，“sum-”，“sup-”，“sur-”，“sus-”等。“在下面”，“在下方”等；“轻微地”，“不完整”，“近乎”等；“次要的”，“次要的”，“附属的”。 “super-”：变体形式为“sur-”等。“上”，“超”等；“上面”，“超出”，“另外”，“过度”等。 “syn-”：“与”，“共”，“同”，“合”等；“同时”等；“相同”，“相像”，“相似”等。 “trans-”：“横过”，“穿过”，“超越”，“贯通”，“通过”，“切地改变”，“横断”等；“切”等。 “un-”：“不”，“非”，“未”等；构成动词的前缀，在英语中用法自由，表示相反的动作或状态，或去除，剥夺或解脱。 “under-”：前缀定语性用法，表示：（地点或位置）“在下”，“低于”等；（级别或地位）“次于”，“低于”；（程度，范围或数量）“低于”，“少于”或“不足”等。 “with-”：“往回，离去”：withdraw；“反对，对抗”：withhold, withstand。特别提示】在英语语言历史演变的过程中，单词的词形和词义都会发生或多或少的变化，但是“万变不离其宗”。词根、词缀是构成英语单词的元素，了解、牢记和把握这些元素，可以牢固地掌握单词的意义，达到事半功倍的学习效果。对于应试的读者，词根在篇章中所起到的一致性和连贯性的作用更是非同小可。本词根表中，出现的词汇仅仅为考试大纲词汇表所要求的，但是如果掌握好这些词根，也同样为将来的学习打下了坚实的基础。 “-acer-/-egr-”: sour; sharp（酸；锋利）acid; acute; acrimony; eager; vinegar“-act-/-ag-”: do; perform; drive（做；行为；冲）act; action; actor; activate; activity; agency; agent; agenda; agitate; essay; exact; interact; react; transaction; activist*; agile*“-aer-/-air-”: air; mist（空气）aerial; aeroplane; airplane; aerobics; air; aircraft; airline; airport“-aesm-/-aesti-”: estimate; value（估计）aim; estimate; esteem“-agri-/-ager-”: field; land（田野；地）agriculture; agrarian; pilgrim“-add-/-dere-/-agger-”: heap; put（堆积；放置）add; additional; addition; exaggerate“-agon-”: struggle; anguish（痛苦）agony“-aisl-/-isle-”: wing（翼）aisle“-ali-/-alt-/-el-”: foreign; other; (change)（外；其他；变化）alien; alter; alternate; altruism; else; elsewhere; unalienable*; adulterate*“-alti-/-alto-”: high; top（高；提高）altitude; alto; enhance; old“-am-/-ama-/-ami-”: love（爱）amateur; amiable; enemy“-ambi-”: going around（走动）ambassador; ambiguous; ambition; ambulance; amble“-amplus-”: spacious（大；宽敞）ample; amplify; amplifier“-anima-”: life; breath; mind（生命）animal; animate; unanimous; animate*“-ann-”: years（年）anniversary; annual“-ante-/-ant-/-anti-”: before（前；之前）anticipate“-apt-/-ept-”: fit; fitted; suitable; fasten（适当；紧）apt; adapt; adaptation; inept“-arc-”: bow（弓）arch“-archi-”: chief（主要）architect; architecture“-arm-”: weapon（武器）arm; alarm“-art-/-arti-/-ert-”: craftsmanship（艺术；技艺）art; artist; artificial; inertia“-aster-/-astr-”: stars（星星）astronaut; disaster; disastrous“-atmo-”: vapor（气）atmosphere“-auc-/-aug-/-auth-”: increase; growth（增加）auction; augment; author; authority; auxiliary“-aud-/-aur-/-edi-”: hear; hearing; ear（听）audience; audit; aural; obedience; obedient; obey“-auto-/-auth-”: self; genuine（自己；真正的）authentic; automate; automobile; automatic; automation“-avan-/-aban-/-ante-”: set out before（前）advance; advanced; advantage; disadvantage; vantage“-avia-”: bird（鸟）aviation“-balk-/-balc-”: beam; ridge（横梁；阻碍）balcony“-ball-/-bull-/-bu-/-bow-/-pill-”: dance; globe（球；圆）ball; ballet; balloon; bowl; bowling; bubble; bulb; bull; bullet; bulletin; bully; pill“-band-/-bend-/-bond-/-bind-/-bunc-”: join; combine (limit)（结合；限制）abandon; ban; band; bandage; bend; bind; bond; binding; bound; boundary; bunch*; bondage*“-bank-/-bench-/-banqu-”: bench（长凳“过去为金融交易的地方”）bank; bankrupt; bench; banquet; bench“-bar-”: stick; rod（长木条）bar; barrel; embarrassment“-bas-/-bass-”: of low height; pedestal（基础）base; baseball; basic; basis; database“-bat-/-bar-/-bell-”: club; hit（木棍；打击）bar; barrel; barrier; bat; battery; battle; combat; debate; batter*; belligerent*; abate*; baton*; billiard*; rebuke*“-bene-/-bon-”: good（好；善）benefit; beneficial; bonus“-bi-/-bin-/-bo-”: two; twice（二；两；双）binary; balance; bicycle; billion; biscuit; both; combination; combine“-biblio-”: books（书）Bible; bibliography“-bill-/-bull-”: seal; document; boss（玉玺；印章）bill; bulletin; bull; bully“-bio-/-bi-”: life（生命）biography; aerobics“-blam-/-blasm-”: blaspheme（亵渎）blame; blaspheme*“-brac-”: arms（双臂）brace; bracket; brake; embrace“-bread-/-breed-/-brib-”: crumb; morsel（面包）bread; breed; bribe; bribery“-break-/-breach-/-brick-”: break（打破）break; breach; brick; brisk“-brev-/-brief-”: short（短；简）brief; brevity“-bri-/-brill-”: shine（闪耀）bright; brighten; brilliant“-cal-/-car-/-char-”: heat（热量）calm; calorie; carbon; charcoal; coal“-camp-/-champ-”: field; plain; battlefield（战场；田地）camp; campus; campaign; champion“-can-/-chan-/-cap-/-cat-/-chief-”: small vessel; tube; head; chief（小容器；管/头；首）achieve; cabbage; can; canal; candy; canoe; cannon; cap; cape; capital; capitalism; captain; cattle; chapter; cheek; chef; chief; choke; escape; channel; *cane; canyon*; cunning*; uncanny*“-cap-/-cab-/-cip-/-cas-/-cach-/-chas-/-ceiv-/-cept-/-ceit-/-cup-” : take; catch; seize; realize; contain; hold（拿；抓；捕；握）anticipate; accept; capture; captivity; cable; capable; capacity; capsule; captive; captivity*; case; cash; cashier; cassette; catch; cater; chase; conceive; concept; conception; cop; copy; deceive; deceit; except; exception; occupation; occupy; participate; perceive; prince; receipt; receive; reception; recipe; reciprocal; recover; recovery; susceptible; capricious*; capsize*; conceit*; recuperate*; apperceive*; caption*; covert*; disciple*; encapsulate*; precept*; preoccupy*; receptacle*“-car-/-char-”: cart; carry; wagon; load（车；载）car; career; cargo; carpenter; carriage; carrier; carry; cart; charge“-card-/-chart-”: paper（纸）card; chart; charter“-cav-”: cave; hollow（洞穴）cave; cavity*; concave*“-ceal-/-cel-/-cul-”: hide（躲藏）conceal; occult*“-cel-/-cell-/-celer-”: rise up; swift; high（升高；快速）excel; excellent; accelerate; decelerate; culminate*“-cent-/-cens-/-chant-”: sing; song; chant（歌唱）accent; charm; chorus; incentive; cant*; enchant*“-cent-”: a hundred; hundredth（百；百分之一）cent; centigrade; century; centimeter“-cent-/centr-”: center（中心）center; central; concentrate; eccentric“-cern-”: mingle with; mix（混合）concern; discern; discreet; decree*“-cerp-/-carp-”: select; pluck（选择）excerpt; scarce; scarcely“-cert-”: certain; strive; work（确证/争取）ascertain; certain; certainly; certainty; concert; uncertainty; certificate; certify; decertify*“-cess-/-ceed-/-ced-/-ces-”: move; go（行，走，动）access; ancestor; cease; cheese; concede; concession; exceed; exceedingly; excess; precede; precedent; preceding; predecessor; procedure; proceed; proceedings; process; procession; recede; succeed; success; successful; succession; successive; successor; incessant*; deceased*“-chai-/-cait-”: chain; link（联系）chain“-chiev-/-chef-/-chief-”: head; conclusion（头，首）achieve; chef; chief; mischief“-cid-/-cad-/-cas-/chans-”: fall（下降；降落；天意）accident; case; casual; casualty; chance; cheat; coincide; coincidence; decay; incidence; incident; incidentally; occasion; occasionally; recidivism*; decadent*“-circ-/-cycle-”: round; ring（圆；环）bicycle; circle; circuit; circular; circulate; circumstance; circus; cycle; cylinder; recycle; search“-cis/-cid-”: cut（剪，砍，剁）cement; concise; decide; decision; precise; precisely; precision; scissors; suicide“-cit-/-civ-”: citizen（公民）citizen; city; civil; civilian; civilize; civilization“-cite-/-cit-”: rouse; summon; excite; stimulate（唤；召；激）cite; excite; excitement; exciting; recite; entice*“-claim-/-clam-”: shout; call; appeal（呼，唤，争）acclaim; claim; exclaim; proclaim; reclaim; declaim*“-clar-/-clear-”: clear（清楚，清晰）clarity; clear; declare; declaration“-class-”: rank; fleet（队，级）class; classify; classified; classification“-clim-/-climb-”: ladder（梯）climax; climb“-clim-/-clin-”: incline; tend; bend（倾，弯）climate; climax; decline; incline“-clud-/-claus-/-clos-”: close; shut（关，闭，合）clause; close; conclude; conclusion; disclose; enclose; enclosure; exclude; exclusive; include; inclusive; preclude; secluded*“-cogn-/-quain-/-gnos-/-know-/-gnor-/-gna-”: to know perfectly（认知）acquaintance; cognitive; acknowledge; diagnosis; ignorance; ignorant; ignore; know; knowledge; narrative; noble; notice; noticeable; notify; notion; notorious; recognition; recognize; cognition*; quaint*“-colo-/-cole-/-cult-”: farm; settlement; cultivate; inhabit（殖，植）agriculture; colony; colonial; culture; cultivate; cult*“-commo-/-commu-”: general; universal; share（共，普，享）common; communicate; communication; community“-contra-/-counter-”: against; opposite（反对，对抗）contradiction; contrary; contrast; country“-cord-/-cor-/-cour-”: heart; gut（心，内脏）accord; cord; cordial; core; courage; discourage; encourage; record; recorder“-coupl-/-cop-”: birth; pair（结子；连接）couple“-corp-/-corpus-”: body（身体）corporate; corporation; incorporate“-cosm-/-kosm-”: universe; order; world（宇宙，世界）cosmic“-count-”: count; calculate; compute（计，算，数）account; accountant; count; counter; county; discount“-coup-/-cop-”: cut; to strike（剪，击）coupon“-cours-/-cor-/-cur-”: run; flow（跑，流）corridor; course; current; currency; curriculum; discourse; excursion; hurry; incur; intercourse; occur; occurrence; recur; recourse*“-covr-/-cover-”: cover over（覆盖）cover; discover; uncover“-creat-”: make; produce（产生；创造）create; creation; creativity; creature; creationism; recreate“-cred-”: credit; faith（相信）credential; credit; discredit; credible; credulous; grant; incredible; creed*“-cres-/-creas-/-cruit-”: grow（增加，增长）concrete; crew; decrease; increase; increasingly; recruit; crescent*“-crim-”: verdict; accusation（裁决，判决；指控）crime; criminal; criminologist*“-crimin-/-cris-/-crit-/-cros-/-crux-”: cross; divide; decide; able to discern（十字形；分开，区分）cross; crucial; cruise; / crisis; criteria; discriminate; discrimination; crusade*“-crop-”: sprout; craw（萌芽；芽）crop; cruise“-crud-/-crud-/-crue-”: press; hurry（血腥，粗糙；敦促；急迫）crude; cruel; cruelty; crowd“-cuit-/-cuis-”: cook（烹饪）biscuit“-cum(u)-/-cil-”: heap up（堆积）accumulate; council; coil; cull*“-cur-/-car-/-cher-”: care; dear（关心；珍爱）accurate; accuracy; care; careful; caress; charity; cherish; cure; curious; secure; security; charity*; precarious*“-cus-/-curs-”: curse（诅咒）accuse; curse; excuse“-damn-/-demn-/-temn-”: damn（谴责）condemn; contempt; damage; damn; danger“-day-/-dai-”: day（日；天）dial; daily; day; diary“-dec-/-deci-”: ten（十）dean; decade; December; decimal“-dece-/-deco-”: ornament（教堂装饰）decent; decorate“-demo-”: people; folk（民；民众）democracy; democratic; epidemic; demography*“-dense-”: thick（厚；浓）condense; dense; density“-deterior-”: worse（更糟糕）deteriorate“-di-/-du-/-doub-/-dub-”: two（二，两，双；怀疑，可疑）dilemma; double; dubious; duplicate; dual*; doubt; doubtful; undoubtedly “-dic-”: fix（固定；决定）addict“-dic-/-diti-/-dex-/-doc-/-dox-”: speak; teach; show; belief（说；教，信仰）condition; contradict; contradiction; contradictory; dedicate; dictate; dictation; discipline; index; indicate; indication; predict; verdict; /doctor; doctrine; document; orthodox; paradox; indict*; jurisdiction*; docile*; dogma*“-digni-/-divi-/-divu-/-dei-”: god; worth; merit（神；价值，优点）divine; dignity; indignity*; disdain*“-domai-/-domi-”: lord（贵族；封地）domain; dome; domestic; dominant; dominate; domineering*; dauntless*“-dorm-/-diz-/-doz-/-daz-”: sleep; quiet; lull; weak（睡眠；眩目；安静）dazzle; dizzy; doze; dormant; dormitory; daze*“-dot-/-dote-/-don-/-dat-/-dos-/-dit-”: give; grant（给予；授予）anecdote; donate; dote; data; date; dose; dosage; edit; editor; edition; editorial; endow; pardon; render; tradition; treason; update; up-to-date“-drain-/-dry-/-drou-”: dry（干燥）drain; draught; dry; drought; drug; draw; dredge*“-dram-/-dras-”: do; perform（做；履行）drama; dramatically; drastic“-dress-”: direct; straight; arrange（直接；安排）address; dress“-drift-/-drive-”: float（漂移）drift“-duc-/-duct-/-doc-”: lead（领，导）conduce; conduct; deduce; dock; educate; education; induce; introduce; introduction; produce; product; production; productivity; reduce; reduction; reproduce; seduce*“-due-/-dev-/-deb-”: owe（欠）debt; due; duty; endeavor; undue; unduly*; dues*“-dur-/-duur-”: last; harden（延续；艰辛）door; durable; duration; during; endurance; endure; indulge“-dare-/-durr-/-turr-”: venture; dare（冒险）dare“-ease-/-aise-”: comfort; to relieve（安逸；减轻）disease; ease; easy; uneasy“-eco-”: life; environment; money（生命；环境；金钱）ecology; economic; economical; economics; economy“-equa-”: to equal; level（平等；等同）adequate; equal; equality; equation; equivalent“-ern-”: energetic; activity（能量；活动）earnest; energy“-err-”: wanderer; to err（偏移；过错）erroneous; error“-esse-/-ens-/-esse-/-est-”: to exist; to be（存在）absent; absence; entity; essence; interest; presence; present; presently; represent; representative“-eston-/-stun-”: strike with thunder（打击；惊异）astonish; pierce“-et-/-eat-/-ed-”: eat（吃）eat; eatable; edible“-ethn-/-ethno-”: nation; race（民族；种族）ethnic“-exam-/-exem-”: weigh; take out（掂量；取样）exam; examination; example; sample“-exo-/-ext-”: outside（在外）exotic; exterior; external; extra; extreme“-fabr-/-forg-”: workshop; craftsman（制作；工艺）fabric; fabricate; forge“-face-/-fac-/-fect-/-fic-/-fy/-feas-/-fair-/-feat-”: to do; to make; / easy; facile（做，作，制；容易）affair; affect; benefit; beneficial; to certificate; defeat; defect; deficient; effect; effective; efficiency; efficient; exemplify; face; fact; factor; factory; fashion; fashionable; feasible; feat; feature; fiction; infect; infection; office; officer; official; perfect; perfection; proficiency; profit; profitable; suffice; sufficient; superficial; surface; faction*; / difficult; difficulty; facilitate; facility; faculty; facet*; prefecture*; profiteering*“-fail-/-fal-/-faut-”: to disappoint; deceitful（失误，失望；欺骗）fail; failure; fall; false; fault; fell“-faint-/-faind-”: sluggish; feigned; idle（闲游）faint“-fari-/-fame-/-fate-/-face-/fabu-/-phec-/-fess-/-fit-”: speak; narrative（说，讲，谈）confess; confession; fable; fabulous; fame; famous; fate; fatal; infant; preface; profess; profession; professor; professional; prophet; fabulous* fudge*“-fasc-”: bewitch; charm; an enchantment（着迷）fascinate“-fav-”: protect; show kindness to（庇护；善意）favor; favorite; favorite“-feb-”: weep; to be lamented（哀泣）feeble“-fend-/-fence-/-fens-”: protect; shield; strike（保护）defend; fence ; offence; offend; offensive“-fer-/-far-/-fert-/-ford-”: bring; take; carry; to bear (birth)（带，拿，载，承担）afford; affordable*; confer; conference; cf; differ; different; difference; differentiate; ferry; fertile; indifferent; infer; inference; metaphor; offer; prefer; preferable; preference; refer; reference; suffer; transfer; translate; deferential*“-feri-/-feru-”: low; below（漂移）inferior“-fid-/-fait-/-fed-/-fy-”: trust; confidence（信任，相信）confide; confident; confidence; defy; defiance; faith; faithful; federal; federation; diffident*“-fier-/-feru-”: wild; savage（野蛮）fierce“-fil-”: son, brother（儿子，兄弟）affiliate“-fin-”: end; limit（端点；限制）confine; confinement; define; definite; definition; definitely; fine; final; finance; financial; fine; finish; finite; infinite“-fir-/-foc-/-fue-/-fur-/ ” : fire; rage（火，热；愤怒）fire; fiery; focus; fuel; furious; furnace; fury“-firm-/-firm-/-farm-”: make firm; settle（稳健，稳固）affirm; confirm; farm; firm“-flat-/-flar-”: blow（吹，）inflate; inflation; deflate*; deflation*“-flex-/-flect-”: bend（弯曲，折）flexible; reflect; reflection“-flic-”: strike（打击，撞击）conflict; afflict; inf