非谓语动词四级考点分析.doc

非谓语动词四级考点分析 动名词与不定式 1. 动名词：动名词的形式与现在分词完全相同如：running, working, speaking 等。其用法如下：1） 用作句子的主语：Reading French is easier than speaking it./ It is easier to read French than to speak it.2） 用在介词之后：He insisted on seeing her./ He was accused of smuggling. 3)用在某些动词之后：I dont mind walking/ Forgive my interrupting you 4） 常用于简短的禁令中： No smoking / No spitting5） 用于构成复合词： a diving board/ landing card / swimming pool注意：如果我们提到的是过去行为，可用动名词的完成式，在其他情况下一般式较常用。但 deny后常用动名词的完成式。eg: He was accused of deserting his ship He was accused of having deserted his ship. He denied having been there. 2. 不定式可做除谓语以外的任何其他成分; 不定式本身也有时态和语态的问题; 不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的,或在其后发生.进行时表示同时发生而且正在进行.完成时表示谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态. eg: Thousands of young people are learning to ski. They seem to be getting along quite well. I intended to have come to see you. She was very happy to have been staying with his aunt. 注意：to 在一些特殊情况下经常被省略:A-以why引导的疑问句中不用to.B-had better, would rather , rather than ,would sooner , cant but , cannot help but , do nothing but , might just as well, do nothing than等结构中不用to.C-在hear , listen to , feel , see , look at , watch , notice , let , make , have , leave , help ,等词后面,做宾语补足语时不用to. 3这两项的考点主要是辨别哪些动词后面接动名词，哪些接不定式，两者都可接的情况下，如何区别，以及带介词to的常用短语.1). 跟动名词的动词: admit , acknowledge, advise , advocate, allow, anticipate ,appreciate, avoid , delay , deny, complete, consider, deserve, doubt, dislike , dread ,encourage , enjoy , ensure, escape ,excuse ,fancy , favor, finish, forbid, fulfill , cant help , imagine , include, involve, keep , mind , miss , pardon, permit ,postpone , practise, prevent, propose , quit, require, report, recall ,resent ,resist ,risk , cant stand , suggest 等。Eg: That young man still denies_ the fire behind the store. 2001.1A. to start *B. having started C. start D. to have start 2). 跟不定式. 只能跟不定式的动词: afford , agree , ask , attempt , beg , begin , bother , care , choose , claim , decide , demand , desire , dare, endeavor, expect , fail ,guarantee, hate , hesitate , hope, intend , learn , mean, manage , neglect , offer , plan , prefer , prepare , pretend , refuse , start , swear, threaten , undertake , venture , volunteer , want , wish等 eg: I didnt _ to take a taxi but I had to as I was late. 2001.1 *A. mean B. assume C. hope D. suppose3) 不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号 to 在感官动词（如 see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel等）和使役动词（如let, make, have等）的宾语后面可以省略。eg: I have heard both teachers and students_ well of him. 1999.6A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken *D. speakThey are going to have the serviceman_ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. 1998.1*A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed 4) 下列动词后面接动名词和不定式均可，有些意思相近，个别差别较大：begin,cease,continue,dread,forget,hate,intend,learn,like,dislike,omit,prefer,regret,remember,need,neglect,start,stop,try等。一般说来，不定式表具体的或未完成的动作；动名词则表示笼统的、经常性的或已经成为过去的动作。eg: I will never forget _you for the first time. 2001.1/T43 A. to meet B. to have met *C. meeting D. having to be meeting5) 在need, want, require,deserve,bear五个动词及表语形容词worth后面的动名词以主动形式表达被动意义。eg: Your hair wants _.You had better have it done tomorrow.1997.6/T48A. cut B. to cut *C. cutting D. being cut6) 带介词to的短语，后接动名词：abandon oneself to ,adhere to ,stick to ,cling to, admit to, amount to, confess to, contribute to, feel up to, get down to, give ones mind to, give way to, yield to, keep to, lead to, look forward to, object to, take to, turn to, succumb to, point to, see to, be/get used to, be accustomed to, be addicted to, be committed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to, be opposed to, be reduced to, be subject to, entitle sb.to, resort to, submit to等。eg: Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used _late for his lecture. 1998.1/T31A. to have students B. for students being C. for students to be *D. to students being Exercises:1 ) The speaker ,_for his splendid speeches ,was warmly received by the audience.A. having known B being known C . knowing *D . known2) _such a good chance , he planned to learn more.A. To be given *B. Having been given C. Having given D . Given4 ) There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.(97.1.No 25)A making *B to make C to have made D . having made 5 ) The traditional approach _ with complex problems is to break them down into smaller , more easily managed problems.*A to dealing B in dealing C dealing D to deal7) If you dont like to swim , you _ stay at home.A. should as well *B . may as well C . can as well D .would as well would rather / would sooner .than ( 宁愿.也不), had better , cant help but(不得不) , would as soon .as( 宁愿.也不), cannot but (不得不,不然) , may/might as well (不妨). , lt alone (更不用说) 8).Id rather read than watch television ; the programs seem _ all the time. (97.1) A to get worse *B to be getting worse C to have got worse D getting worse9 ) The match was cancelled because most of the members _a match without a standard court. (91.6)*A objected to having B were objected to have C .objected to have D were objected to having 10) I have no objection _ your story again. (02.6)A . to hear *B . to hearing . C to having heard D to have heard11) The bank is reported in the local newspaper_ in broad daylight yesterday. 2002.1A. robbed * B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed12) The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company. 1997.6A. have told B. be told C. being told *D. having told13) In fact, Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than_ in New York. 2002.6 A. to say *B. stayed C. staying D. having stayed 14) I dont mind _the decision as long as it is not too late. 2000.1A. you to delay making * B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make 现在分词和过去分词的用法及实例分析 现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示主动和进行，过去分词表示被动和完成(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。 【例如】 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mothers illness. 分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。 Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help. (We dont have enough hands) Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)_the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6) A)Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B. No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed 本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B. _as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1) A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published 本句中as引导的是让步状语从句，意思为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B. 2)while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)分词结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。 【例如】 When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work. Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand. 3)分词作定语:分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 【例如】* We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.* This is really an exhausting day to all of us! We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries. The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack. As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1) A)having B) to have C) to have had D)having had 后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词，答案为A。 4)分词作宾语补足语:现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 【例如】 On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village. The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by. We should not leave him wondering what he should do. I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. I caught him dozing off in class. 过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。 【例如】 After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination. 在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。 【例如】 I saw Mr. White get off a bus. I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window. -Do you hear someone knocking at the door?-Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.5)分词作表语:分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。* 【例如】* The filmPearl Harboris really exciting. I am excited about it.* His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response. Exercises: 1. So many directors _, the board meeting had to be put off.A .were absent *B. being absent C. been absent D. had been absent 2. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.A. to be encouraged B. been encouraged *C. being encouraged D. be encouraged 3. When I caught him_ me, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. *A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating4. Dont get your schedule _; stay with us in this class.A. to change *B. changed C. changing D. change5. He wasnt appointed chairman of the committee, _ not very popular with all its members. A. to be considered B. having considered *C. being considered D. considering 6. Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when_ alone. *A. seen B. is seen C. to be seen D. having been seen 7. His parents _ last w