Introduction - Stress：简介-应力.docxVIP

IntroductionDear freshmen of 2011,Hopefully you have had a nice introduction, during which you have made a lot of friends. Now your time as a student will become more serious, because the first exams are coming up. Because starting as a student is already hard enough, we have made a propaedeutic book for you, hopefully it will help you during your preparations for the exams. The provision of this book is one of the benefits of your membership of Study Association Stress.This propaedeutic book contains a short introduction, one summary, and one exam of every course. As every year we tried to put as much information as possible in this book. Unfortunately, we dont have course information, exams and summaries for every course. Sometimes, the course is new, but sometimes no one handed in a summary or exam yet. Because all the summaries are written by your fellow students, we depend on them and you by preparing this propaedeutic book. You can send in your summaries to ocstress.utwente.nl and we will put them online and probably use them for the propaedeutic book next year. This way, you can help your fellow students, the freshmen of next year. However you can also earn some money By doing so, for every first summary of a course we will give a reward of 15,- , for the second one 10,- and the third or later summary will be rewarded with 5,-. Handing in exams can also be really helpful, unfortunately you will not get any money for them.When you need more study materials after reading the summary and making the exam from this book, you can take a look at: www.stress.utwente.nl. When you look under the heading Study you will find Exams and Summaries where we have a lot more exams and summaries for most of the courses. The Stress website is also a place where you will find information about activities or committees organized by the study association.The education committee is not only there to provide summaries and exams, but you can also come to us when you have a complaint or remark about a course. When the complaint is sufficiently supported and/or there are enough complaints, we will contact the professor and ask what happened and what we can possibly do about it to fix it. To add a complaint go to Complaints under the heading Study at www.stress.utwente.nl. After you are logged on you can add your complaint/remark.For everything concerning improvement of education, you can send an email to ocstress.utwente.nl.On behalf of the education committee of study association Stress, I wish you lots of success and pleasure during you study at the University of Twente!Marjon PolChairman Education Committee of StressTable of ContentsIntroductionError! Bookmark not defined.Table of contentsError! Bookmark not defined.Study-Association Stress3Activism at StressError! Bookmark not defined.Important InformationError! Bookmark not defined.EducationError! Bookmark not defined.ActivismError! Bookmark not defined.Summaries / ExamsError! Bookmark not defined.Introduction to Research Methodology 1941191206Marketing 201000073Error! Bookmark not defined.International Business and Strategy 2010000447Accounting and Controlling 201000049Error! Bookmark not defined.Purchasing 201000048Error! Bookmark not defined.Technology Development & Production Management 201000047Error! Bookmark not defined.Economics I 201000052Error! Bookmark not defined.Innovation & Entrepreneurship 201000051Error! Bookmark not defined.Management & Organisation 201000050Error! Bookmark not defined.Economics II 201000053Error! Bookmark not defined.European Law 201000054Error! Bookmark not defined.Finance 201000055Error! Bookmark not defined.Colofon164Study-Association StressDear freshman,Even though you have only just started your study here in Enschede, the terms exams and study hard probably already sound familiar after your first few lectures. However, there is more to Enschede than just your study, and we are here to help you out.This guide for your propaedeutics year International Business Administration is offered to you by Study Association Stress and is composed by our education committee. In this guide you will find course information, summaries and old practice exams for the courses that you will have to follow in your first year. These summaries and exams will help you get an insight of what is to be expected of you.Besides all that, this guide also offers you a lot of information about Stress. There are numerous sorts of meaningful and educational activities which you can organize or participate in at Stress. Moreover, there are the parties, drinks, trips and other fun activities.If you might encounter trouble within your study or issues related to your student life of which you would like to have more information about or talk to someone, please dont hesitate to drop by and ask a Stress board member or send an email to bestuurstress.utwente.nl. Usually we can provide you with the information you need, and if not, we will know the people who can! Of course we hope to see you at Stress activities, drinks and parties! But more important, wed like to invite you to just drop by our room and talk to some people, drink our delicious coffee and lay back on the sofa. Enschede, the University of Twente, and Stress have a lot to offer you as a student, so embrace those opportunities! Dont let the idea of slowing your study down withhold you of making the best of your time as a student, because honestly: it will be the best time of your life!We wish you the best of luck in the forthcoming year!On behalf of the Stress board 2011/2012,Ivar DorstCommissioner educational affairs and vice presidentStress board 2011/2012International Handbookstudent counselorThe student counselorcan help you with any questions or problems regarding your study. If you hestitate about your study, a course or if youre affraid you are too much behind and want help with your study planning , please contant them and they will help you out.Student counselor: Sanne Spuls (IBA)E-mail: s.s.spulsutwente.nlAssignmentscordinator: Sietie Zuidema E-mail: s.zuidemautwente.nlExam CommitteeFor filing a request regarding your study you have to communicate with the Exam commissie of the faculty MB. There is a different committee for bachelors and master students. At this webpage; http:/www.mb.utwente.nl/onderwijs/gedeeld/infoexcie.doc, you can fill out an online form with a request to the exam committee. You will also find usefull information about different requests there. Ussually for a request to be taken into account be the exam committee, a recommendation from the student counselor is neccesary. Bureau of educational affairs(BOZ)At the bureau of educational affairs you can ask questions about your scedual, about your education and administrative issues that have to be dealt with by the faculty. They also register your study progress. You can find them in the building “Capitool” or in the building “Spiegel” in room SP 209/211. They are opened on working days from 13:00 till 16:00. Educational announcements:Changes in the study or exam roster will be announcement trough the so called Educational Affairs. They will publicate their announcement trough publication boards, the internet and possible the University newspaper. Obviously it is important to keep up to date with these announcements.The student statute and the Educational- and exam regulation.Youre obligations aswell as youre rights have been written in two documents named the Student statutes and the Educational- and exam regulation. The website of Stress provides links to both of these websites.Studying nominalIf you do not study in a nominal fashion, you have to beware of a few things to prevent you of unpleasant suprises. You can only retake a failed exam once. If you fail the exam twice, you have to file a special request at the former mentioned exam committee with proper reasoning. Also take in mind that to participate in an exam, you will need to bring your student-card to the examination room.Make a proper longterm study scedual and dont postpone courses. Dont forfit exam oppertunities and atleast make a proper effort. Do not rely on extra exam oppertunity. Also take in mind that you will need atleast 40 of the in total 60 EC (European Credits) to be allowed to take second year courses.Usefull informationUse your university email adress, on that email adress you will recieve confirmations for your enrollment for a certain exam, your grades will be email by BOZ and student counselors will contact you on this email adress. You can also use this email adress to ask questions about certain courses to the professor of that given course.For more information about your study or activism please go to:www.stress.utwente.nl Summaries / ExamsIntroduction to Research Methodology 194119120 LanguageEnglishDescriptionAims:1. To know the general foundations of science and more specifically of the empirical social sciences.2. To know and understand the wheel of science and the ability to design a simple research project according to the wheel of science.3. Able to formulate research questions and hypothesis which form preliminary answers to these research questions.4. Able to find, use and incorporate in writing previously published social scientific studies5. to correctly use important concepts like validity and reliability, causality, theory, hypothesis, operationalization, measurement, data analysis.6. To know various types of research designs like case studies, surveys, and experiments7. Is able to recognize and able to use simple techniques for testing hypotheses (especially elaboration)8. Is able to recognize applications of social science research.9. To recognize and handle the context of social science research like ethical questions, budgetary, political and time constraints.Content:This is a general introduction in the principals of social scientific research. General concepts like variables units of analysis explanation and causality will be introduced and discussed. Attention is paid to theory construction; various research designs and data analysis. The various elements and the strong and weak aspects of various research designs like case studies, surveys, and (quasi-)experimental research will be studied too. Ample attention is also paid to the analysis of data when testing bivariate and trivariate hypotheses (elabortion). Finding and analyzing relevant literature is integral part of this course.Study International Business Administration PhaseB1Quartile1AInstructional modesAssignment, Lecture, Self-StudyExamformatWritten examCredits5.0 ECLecturer(s)dr. R.D. Costello; H. van der Kolk (email: h.vanderkolkutwente.nl); A. Klln; dr. R. de RuiterirRequired materialsEarl Babbie. The practice of social research, Belmont: Wadsworth / Thomson, 2004 (12th or later edition); Reader available through BlackboardUnfortunately,there is no example exam of this course available.Summary of the book “The Practice of Social Research” (12th edition) by BabbieNew QuestionsEpistemology: The science of knowing. How do we know “facts” and what is meant by a “fact”?Methodology: The science of finding out (precisely, validly and reliably)Normative: Statements of value (waarden, hoe iets zou moeten zijn)Empricial: Statements about facts. (Op ervaring berust) Types of knowledge1. Agreement (told by others) such as tradition and authority2. “Finding out” (methodology) such as non-scientific - ignoring the rules and scientific following the rulesOvergeneralization can lead to selective observation. For example racial and ethnical prejudices.A replication (repeating research to confirm or question the findings of an earlier study) can provide overgeneralization. Views of reality:1. The Premodern ViewOne side is the right side, all is subjective2. The Modern ViewTheres no right or wrong. Just a flower, no ugly or pretty flower.3. The Postmodern ViewIs what we see real? Objective Deduction: - General patterns lead to predicting specific observations1. All men are mortal2. Socrates is a man3. Therefore, Socrates is mortalInduction:- Generalization- Observations lead to general patternsAll of the ice we have examined so far is cold.Therefore, all ice is cold.Research Design1. ExplorationNew topic, new event, many vague questions, no clear concepts etc.What, when, where, how, whats so?2. DescriptionDescribe situations and events, there is no question about a relationship between variables.What?3. ExplanationDiscovery and reporting of relationships among different aspects of the phenomenon.Why?- Predictive questions (what will happen?)- Remedy selection (which solution works best under the circumstances?)- Design questions (how to solve a specific problem?)- Evaluation questions (did the solution indeed solve the problem?) Nomothetic:Present a generalized understanding, key factors, general statementsIdiographic:Present specific cases fully, multiple reasonsTheoryEarly positivism- Comte separated his inquiry from religion “religious belief can be replaced with scientific study and objectivity”1. 1300: theological stage2. 1300-1800: metaphysical stage, replaced God with philosophical ideas such as nature and nature law3. Positivism, science would replace religion and metaphysics by basing knowledge on observations through the five senses rather than on belief or logic alone.- This philosophical system is grounded on the rational (dis)proof of scientific assertions: assumes a knowable objective realitySocial Darwinism- On the origin of species = evolution through natural selection- The Social Darwinist paradigm assumes that we can scientifically discover the rules governing social life.Researchers looking at the social world from a feminist paradigm have called attention to aspects of social life that other paradigms do not reveal. Feminist theory and research have focused on gender differences and how they relate to the rest of social organization.Social scientific theory and research are linked through the two logical methods of deduction and induction.Criteria for nomothetic causality1. Correlation2. Time order3. Non spuriousness False criteria:- Complete causationA nomothetic explanation is probabilistic and usually incomplete- Exceptional casesExceptions do not disprove a causal relationship- Majority of casesA causal relationship can be true even if they dont apply in a majority of cases.Research DesignIn both natural and social sciences, the most conventional type of experiment involves three major pairs of components: (1) independent and dependent variables, (2) pretesting and post-testing, and (3) experimental and control groups.In the simplest experimental design, subjects are measured in terms of a dependent variable (pretesting), exposed to a stimulus representing an independent variable, and then remeasured in terms of the dependent variable (post-testing). Any differences between the first and last measurements of the dependent variable are then attributed to the independent variable.Pre-experimental designs: they do not meet the scientific standards of experimental designs.One-shot case study:The researcher measures a single group of subjects on a dependent variable following the administration of some experimental stimulus. Measure at the end.One-group Pretest-Posttest DesignSuffers from the possibility that some factor other than the independent variable might cause a change between the pretest and the posttest. We cant be sure that the independent variable is what caused reduction/increase.Static-group comparisonResearch that is based on experimental and control groups but has no pretest.Posttest-only control group designFour-group design rules out the interactions between testing and the stimulus, it also provides data for comparisons that will reveal how much of this interaction has occurred in a classical experiment.Propaedeutic book 2011-2012 IBA9There are several sources of internal invalidity:1. History2. Maturation3. Testing4. Instrumentation5. Statistical regression6. Selection biases7. Experiment mortality8. Causal time order9. Diffusion or imitation of treatments10. Compensation11. Compensatory12. DemoralizationThe Time DimensionCross-sectional studiesBased on observations made at one time. Most exploratory, descriptive and explanatory studies.Disadvantage: they aim to understand causal processes that occur over time.Longitudinal studiesBased on observations made at many times. Can be difficult for quantitative studies (large-scale)1. Trend studiesgeneral populations 2. Cohort studiesspecific subpopulations (e.g. age group, people married in 1987)3. Panel studiessame sample of people each time- Offer most complete data on changes. Problem: panel exhaustion How to design a research project1. Start with an initial interest, idea or theoretical expectation, narrow the focus so that concepts, methods and procedures are defined.2. Specify the meaning of concepts and variables (conceptualization), choose a research method (experiment / survey) and specify the population to be studied and how it will be sampled.3. Operationalize the concepts. Then proceed through observation, data processing, analysis and application.Unobtrusive researchContent analysisExamination of a class of social artifacts that usually are written documents such as newspaper editorials. C