饲料学专业英语题库.doc

名词解释Formula Feed ：Two or more ingredients proportioned, mixed and processed according to specification (AAFCO, 2000).饲料配方：两种或两种以上配料混合均匀，并根据规范（AAFCO，2000）。Concentrate feed ： is a well-proportioned mixture consisted of protein supplements, mineral supplement and feed additives according to appropriate proportion.浓缩饲料：是一种均匀的混合物补充蛋白质，矿物质的补充和饲料添加剂按适当比例。Premixes :are mixtures of microingredients and some type of carrier material.They are added to feeds at the time of mixing to ensure uniform distribution of these ingredients in mixed feeds.预混剂：混合microingredients和某些类型的载体材料。他们是在保证搅拌混合饲料，这些成分均匀分布的时间添加到饲料。Complete feed: A mixed feed that satisfies all the needs (water excluded) of the animal being raised. 完整的饲料：一个满足所有需求的混合饲料（水除外）的动物了。Energy sources ：is feedtuffs with less than 18 percent crude fiber and 20 percent crude protein in absolute dried sample.能源：是小于百分之18的粗纤维和粗蛋白百分之20 feedtuffs绝对干燥的样品。Protein supplements: A feed that when dry contains less than 18 percent crude fiber and greater than or equal to 20 percent crude protein. 补充蛋白质：饲料，干燥时含有小于百分之18的粗纤维和大于或等于百分之20的粗蛋白。Feed additives : a small quantity substance or trace substance added to feeds improved their nutritional value, maintain freshness, prevent diseases, promote growth, increase acceptability, or aid in processing.饲料添加剂：少量或微量物质的物质添加到饲料提高其营养价值，保持新鲜度，防止疾病，促进生长，增加可接受性，或者帮助处理。SDPP (Spray-Dried plasma protein) : Spray-dried plasma protein is from swine or cattle blood.The plasma is separated from the red blood cells, then carefully spray dried.血浆蛋白粉（喷雾干燥血浆蛋白）：喷雾干燥血浆蛋白是由猪或牛的血。血从红血细胞中分离，然后小心的喷雾干燥。Single Cell Protein (SCP ) : SCP that is single cell protein ,which is produced by single-cell organisms (e. g. ,yeast, bacteria or algae).These organisms have a high protein contents and the potential yield per unit area is very high. Besides their high protein productivity, they can be used to purify sewage and animal and industrial w单细胞蛋白（SCP）：SCP，是单细胞蛋白，它是由单细胞的生物体产生的（例如，酵母，细菌或藻类）。这些生物有较高的蛋白质含量和单位面积产量潜力很高。除了高蛋白的能力，可用于净化污水和工业废物和动物。他们有一个高的DNA含量和高核酸水平。Dried whey : is a dry white powder,content of 70 to 75 percent lactose and 12 to 13 percent crude protein. It is used in milk replacers and starter diets for baby pigs.乳清粉：是一种干燥的白色粉末，含量70百分之75的乳糖和12至百分之13的粗蛋白。它是用牛奶替代品和开食料对仔猪。Probictics : （益生菌 ） They are defined as live microbial feed supplement that beneficially affect the host animal by improving its gastroinstinal microbial bictics：（益生菌）被定义为活的微生物饲料添加剂，有利于宿主动物的肠道微生物平衡改善。aste. they have a high DNA content and a high nucleic acid level. 问答题 1、What about nutritional values of corn ?1）it is high in starch (70 percent) and oil (4 percent), and low in fiber (about 2 percent)，2) Corn grain has a low protein content, ranging from approximately 8 to 9 percent, but is an excellent energy source.3) A factor contributing to the high-energy value of corn is its oil content which averages about 4 percent.4) Corn is a fair source of Vitamin E, low in vitamin D and B-complex vitamins.5) Corn contains very little calcium, about 0.02 percent. A calcium supplement is always needed for grain-based diets.1、什么营养价值玉米？1）它的淀粉含量高（百分之70）和石油（百分之4），和低纤维（约百分之2），2）玉米籽粒具有蛋白质含量低，范围从约8到百分之9，但是是一个很好的能量来源。3）促进玉米的高能值的因素是其油含量平均约百分之4。4）玉米是一种公平的维他命E，低维生素D和B族维生素。5）玉米含有少量的钙，约百分之0.02。补充钙是以粮食为基础的饮食需要。2、Use of corn in animal diets ?Corn-soybean meal diets are standard for swine and poultry all over the world.Corn is very palatable and contains no intrinsic toxic or deleterious factors. Except for very young pigs, the nutritional needs of all classed of swine can be met with a simple mixture of corn and soybean meal, supplemented with salt, minerals and vitamins. The dosage of corn is about 50-70 percent in animal diets.2、使用在动物饲料中的玉米？玉米-豆粕日粮标准为猪和家禽世界各地。玉米的口感很好，不含有毒或有害的内在因素。除了非常年轻的猪，所有的猪营养需要的分类可以满足简单的混合玉米和大豆粉，添加盐，矿物质和维生素。玉米是动物饲料的用量约50-70%。3、 What are the Origin of lipid(油脂) ？1）Most fats are of animal originAnimal fats include tallow (from beef and mutton/lamb) and lard (from pork). Lean meat is now desired by consumers.Animal fats used in feeding are mainly beef tallow and mixed animal fat and grease.energy value than oils. Addition of some unsaturated lipid improves the digestibility of fats.2）Oils are of vegetable or marine animal origin.Oils have a high content of (poly) unsaturated fatty acids (except for coconut and palm oils). They generally have a low melting point. The most important example of oils used in animal nutrition are fish oil, soybean oil, rape seed and corn oil. 3什么是、脂质的起源（油脂）？1）大多数脂肪是动物的起源动物脂肪包括脂（从牛肉和羊肉/羊肉）和猪油（猪肉）。瘦肉是现在消费者所期望的。动物脂肪用在饲养主要是牛油和混合动物脂肪和grease.energy值比油。一些不饱和脂质的加入提高了脂肪的消化率。2）油是植物和海洋动物的起源。油有高含量的不饱和脂肪酸（聚）（除了椰子油和棕榈油）。他们通常具有低熔点。用于动物营养油最重要的例子是鱼油，大豆油，菜籽油，玉米油。4、 Why is corn considered the best feed grain for livestock production ?1) Because its agronomic features and nutritional value.2) It is adapted over a wide range of climates and environments and can be rapidly modified by plant breeding to produce cultivars(varieties) that are productive in new areas.3) produce more energy per acre than any other cereal grain and have high digestible energy content .4、为什么玉米是畜牧业生产的最好的饲料？1）由于其农艺性状和营养价值。2）它是适合在宽范围的气候和环境，可以通过植物育种生产品种（品种）进行修改，新的地区生产。3）生产每亩比任何其他谷物更多的能量，具有很高的消化能含量。5、What are the functions of fats and oils in animal diets ?1) contain about 2.25 times as much digestible energy ascarbohydrates, are concentrated sources of energy for animal feeds. High-energy diets must contain added fat to achieve a high-energy concentration.2 ) Increase palatability of feed to most animals.3 ) are sources of poly-unsaturated fatty acids ,which are indispensable at least monogastric animals.4 ） acts as a lubricant in feed manufacturing and improves pelleting efficiency. 5） Lighten heat stress: lower heat increment.（减轻热应激，降低热增耗）5、油脂在动物饲料中的作用是什么？1）含有约2.25倍的可消化能量生物，集中能源用于动物饲料。高能量日粮添加脂肪必须包含实现高浓度。2）增加适口性的饲料大多数动物。3）是多不饱和脂肪酸的来源，这是不可或缺的至少单胃动物。4）作为饲料加工中的润滑剂和提高制粒效率。5）减轻热应激：低热量的增加。（减轻热应激，降低热增耗6、What are the probiems associated with use of fats and oils ?6、与脂肪和油相关的问题是什么？(1)Rancidity (酸败): Lipids containing unsaturated fatty acids are easy to development oxidation of fats to affect palatability of a feed.They may also be toxic.（1）酸败（酸败）：含不饱和脂肪酸的油脂很容易氧化脂肪发展的影响饲料的适口性。他们也可能是有毒的。Rancidity causes destruction of a number of vitamins, particularly the fat-soluble ones.Vegetable oils are more susceptable to this problem than tallow and other animal fats. To prevent rancidity of fats and oils in animal diets, antioxidants shoule be added in advance.酸败造成一些维生素的破坏，特别是脂溶性的。植物油更易感这个问题比牛油等动物脂肪。为了防止油脂在动物日粮中添加抗氧化剂，酸败，应提前。(2) In nonpelleted diets, higher fat or oil levels cause the feed to “bridge”in storage bins and feeders, preventing free flow of the feed, particularly in cold weather.（2）在nonpelleted饮食，高脂肪或油的水平导致饲料的“桥”在储物箱和线路，防止饲料自由流动，特别是在寒冷的天气。(3) In hot weather, it causes the feed to be greasy(油腻的), which may present handling and aesthetic （美的）problems .（3）在炎热的天气，使饲料要油腻（油腻的），这可能与审美（美的）问题的处理。7、What are anti-nutritional factors in wheat ?7、小麦抗营养的因素是什么？Wheat contents some nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), such as -glucan and pentosan which are poorly digested in nonruminants, and especially in poultry.小麦非淀粉多糖（NSP）的部分内容，如-葡聚糖和戊聚糖是不消化的很多，尤其是家禽NSP:非淀粉多糖 - glucan: -葡聚糖 pentosan ：戊聚糖NSP：非淀粉多糖-葡聚糖：-葡聚糖戊聚糖：戊聚8、Which is more likely to go rancid (腐臭的)：beef tallow or soybean oil ?Why?8、哪个更易酸败（腐臭的）：牛油、豆油？为什么？Soybean oil is more ,because it has a high content of unsaturated fatty acids ,which is easy to the development of rancidity .大豆油是比较多的，因为它的不饱和脂肪酸含量高，易酸败的发展。9、Why is soybean meal considered the most important protein supplement for swine and poultry ?9、为什么豆粕是猪和家禽的重要补充蛋白质？1）Good palatability and high digestibility1）良好的适口性和消化率高2) high protein content of 44 to 50 percent2）44到百分之50的蛋白质含量高3)Good amino acid bslance and low fiber content3）良好的氨基酸bslance和纤维含量低4)Add ing in VB12 ,a properly balanced corn-soybean diet is ideal for poultry and swine production .4）添加维生素B12，一个适当的平衡，玉米大豆饮食是理想的猪和家禽生产。10、What are anti-nutritional factors in cottonseed meal and repeseed (菜籽) meal ?10、棉籽粕中的抗营养因子和菜籽是什么（菜籽）饭？1) A main constraint to the use of cottonseed and cottonseed meal as feedstuffs is the presence of a toxic constituent called “gossypol”.The toxicity of cottonseed meal is associated with nonbound or “free gossypol”.1）主要约束棉籽使用棉籽粕饲料是存在的有毒成分称为“棉酚”。棉籽饼毒性与未结合或游离棉酚相关”。2) Rapeseed contains the group of toxic compounds called glucosinolates (硫葡萄糖苷). It inhibit the metabolism of the thyroid gland and may induce goiter2）油菜含有有毒化合物称为硫苷组（硫葡萄糖苷）。它抑制甲状腺的代谢，可能会引起甲状腺肿11、What are advantages and disadvantanges of fish meal in animal diets .11、优势及其在动物饲料中鱼粉的劣势是什么。Advantages优势1）is a very good animal protein source of all essential amino acids, particularly, lysine (4.9%), methionine (1.85%).1）是一个很好的动物蛋白来源的所有必需氨基酸，特别是蛋氨酸，赖氨酸（4.9%），（1.85%）。2）a rich source of high quality protein 。2）丰富的优质蛋白质来源。3）have a relatively high energy content and are rich in important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus and B-vitamins.3）具有相对高的能量含量是重要的矿物质如钙、磷和维生素B丰富。Disadvantanges缺点1）Quality variability（多变性）: The price of fish meal usually is reflective of its quality.1）质量变化（多变性）：鱼粉价格通常反映了它的质量。2）High-fat fish meals may heat in storage and rancidity.2）高脂肪的鱼类食物可以存储和酸败热。3）Feed safety (feed hygiene) problem: Salmonella contamination.3）饲料（饲料安全卫生）问题：沙门氏菌污染。4）have a “fishy”smell and can be toxic .4）有一个“腥”的味道，可能是有毒的。12、Problems of meat and bone meal in animal diets ?在动物饲料中肉骨粉12、问题？1) Inherent variability (遗传变异性)，can lead to unwanted variability in animal performance.1）固有的变异性（遗传变异性），可导致动物生产性能有害的变异。2） Security problem ，2）安全问题，3） Storage problem Meat and bone meal has a high fat content. With prolonged storage, this fat can become rancid.3）存储问题肉骨粉的脂肪含量很高。长期储存，这种脂肪可以变馊。4） Palatability problem4）适口性问题13、The fuctions of SDPP in animal diets ?13、动物日粮中血浆蛋白粉的作用？1) it contains immunoglobulins which are responsible for enhancing immunity in the recipient animal.1）含有免疫球蛋白是负责提高受体动物免疫。2) SDPP has been a major contribution to the success of early weaning programs. Mainly, it enhances growth rate and feed intake during the postweaning phase.2）血浆蛋白粉是早期断奶计划成功的一大贡献。主要是，提高生长率和饲料的摄入量在断奶后阶段。14、Are hydrolyzed feathermeal and leathermeal good protein sources , why or why not ?14、水解羽毛粉和leathermeal好的蛋白质来源，为什么？Hydrolyzed feathermeal somewhat unpalatable and have the poor amino acid balance.水解羽毛粉有点难吃，可怜的氨基酸平衡。Hydrolyzed leathermeal is a poor-quality protein consisting largely of collagen.水解leathermeal是低质量的蛋白质主要由胶原。 15、 Common Sources of Calcium and Phosphorus .Mineral SourceCa, %P, %RemarksLimestone(石粉)360Oyster shell（贝壳粉）350Calcium sulfate(硫酸钙)290Bonemeal, steamed（骨粉）291412-13% CPDicalcium Phosphate（磷酸氢钙）25-2818-21Diammonium Phosphate（磷酸铵）020-24Not 17%N16、Which mineral is extremely important in the nutritions of the laying hens ?Why ?16、矿物在蛋鸡的营养非常重要？为什么？Ca : Laying hens require a much higher Ca: P ratio (5-7:1). Because Ca is needed in large amount for egg shell formation.钙：蛋鸡需要更高的钙磷比（5-7:1）。因为钙是需要大量鸡蛋壳的形成。17、Supplemental level of NaCl in animal diets .17、添加水平在动物饲料中的NaCl。0.250.5 percent0.25 百分之0.518、Which macro- minerals are important to animals ?18、宏观矿物质是重要的动物吗？macro-nutrient minerals : K Ca Na Mg Cl S P宏量营养元素K、Ca、Na、Mg、Cl的：Ptrace elements (Fe; Cu; Zn: Mn; Se; I; Co; Cr).微量元素（铁；铜；锌：锰；硒；我；CO；Cr）。19、Main Functions of macro-minerals ?19、宏观矿物质的主要功能？1) Important contributors to the skeletal strength are calcium, phosphorus and Magnesium.1）对骨骼强度的重要因素是钙，磷和镁。2) constituents of soft tissues(组织) are P and S .2）软组织成分（组织）是P和S。3) Important examples of body fluids in which electrolytes are balance.3）体液中的电解质平衡的重要实例。20、Types of feed additive ?20、类饲料添加剂？1Nutritive Feed Additives:1营养性饲料添加剂：A .Trace elements supplements (微量元素添加剂)一。微量元素补充剂（微量元素添加剂）B. Vitamins supplementsB维生素补充剂C. Amino acids supplementsC.氨基酸补充剂2.Nonnutritive Feed Additives:2非营养性饲料添加剂：A .Growth promotants.一种生长促进剂。B. Additives that modify （改善）animal health.B.添加剂修改（改善）动物健康。C. Digestion modifiers.C.消化剂。D .Metabolism（生理） modifier.D。代谢（生理）改性剂。E. Additives that influence feed stability, feed manufacturing （生产）, and properties （性能）of feeds.E.添加剂影响饲料稳定，饲料生产（生产），性能（性能）饲料。21、What are the mode of actions of dietary oligosaccharides for the modification of gut microbes?(日粮中寡糖改善肠道微生物作用的方式是什么？)21什么是、对肠道微生物改性膳食低聚糖的行为模式？（日粮中寡糖改善肠道微生物作用的方式是什么？）1) They bind to the receptor sites on bacteria, thus preventing them from binding to the intestinal mucosa .1）结合对细菌的受体，从而防止它们对肠道黏膜的结合。2) They may stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut .2）他们可能会刺激肠道有益细菌的生长。22、What are the mechanisms (机制) of antibiotics （抗生素）?22、机制是什么（机制）抗生素（抗生素）？(1) Microbes responsible for mild but unrecognized infections are suppressed.（抑制的）抑制未被感染的微生物生长（1）负责温和但无法识别感染微生物（抑制的）抑制未被感染的微生物生长抑制。(2) Microbes production of growth-depressing toxins is reduced.减少微生物产生有毒物质量（2）减少微生物的生长抑制减少微生物产生有毒物质量生产毒素。(3) Antibiotics reduce microbial destruction of essential nutrients in the gut or, conversely, improve the synthesis of vitamins or other growth factors.（3）抗生素减少肠道中微生物的破坏或必需的营养素，反之，提高维生素或其他生长因子的合成。(4) There is enhanced efficiency of nutrient absorption because the intestinal wall is thinner（薄的）.（4）有增强养分吸收效率因为肠壁较薄（薄的）。23、Information need to formulate diets ?23、信息需要制定饮食？1） Feeding standard1）饲养标准2 ) Nutrient composition(成分) of available feedstuffs.2）营养成分（成分）可用的饲料。3 ) Nutrient availability(可利用率).3）养分（可利用率）。4 ) Nonnutriti